Top 50 FinTech Startup Investors in Estonia (October 2026)

Portfolio highlights

• Esgrid — Esgrid provides value-chain sustainability management solutions to medium-sized businesses and financial institutions.
• Soldera — Soldera is unifying energy certificate registries. We give corporate energy buyers, sustainability teams, procurement teams, utilities, and traders one infrastructure layer across fragmented registries so they can procure, manage, and cancel renewable energy certificates with far less manual work.The platform combines aggregated procurement fromthousands of utilities with cleaner registry execution and audit-ready, government-backed cancellation statements traceable to the generating machine. That makes renewable energy certificate management easier to run, easier to evidence, and easier to scale across markets.
• Blackswan Space — for satellite integrators and operators to enable the next step in in-orbit capabilities

Portfolio highlights

• OTee — OTee's Industrial Automation platform makes it possible to create and manage industrial-grade virtual control systems, based on open standards and architecture!
• Spiral Hydrogen — All-in-one, bubble-free centrifugal electrolyzer with an embedded axial flux generator that sets a new standard in efficiency and simplicity.
• Nanordica Medical — Nanordica Medical develops novel nanoparticle-based antibacterial wound care products.

Portfolio highlights

• Cytely — Cytely operationalizes biological measurement, turning microscopy into standardized, reproducible data so research teams can accelerate discovery.
• Oplane — Connect your repo. See and fix your vulnerabilities in minutes. AI-powered threat modeling - no consultants, no weeks of docs.
• Cota Robotics — Cota Robotics deploys general-purpose robots in retail stores through a Robot-as-a-Service model, integrating with existing environments without requiring changes to store layouts or infrastructure. The company automates shelf replenishment, inbound handling, and order picking using human-in-the-loop teleoperation, with autonomy increasing asdeployment data trains its models.

Portfolio highlights

• Creem — Creem is the all-in-one platform where software companies run payments, taxes, affiliates and revenue - together Finance for humans building online
• kopa.ai — An agentic operating system for ecommerce, built to analyze the store, decide what to run, and execute it across the full catalog.
• Outcraft AI — Outcraft AI is the autonomous revenue engine built to drive growth across the entire customer lifecycle.

Portfolio highlights

• Chift — Offer native integrations within your software. Your clients connect your software to their tools in one click. Connect easily to Accounting, POS, Invoicing, e-commerce, etc.
• ETFbook — ETFbook provides an information and analytic platform focused on exchange-traded funds (ETFs). It offers data, analytics, and insights to help users make informed decisions about fund selection, trading possibilities, and expense ratios. The platform is designed to broaden the effective use of ETFs by providing comprehensive tools and dashboardsfor analysis.
• Wealthcome — Wealthcome is a wealth management company that offers tools for tracking expenses, optimizing fees, and analyzing investment performance.

Portfolio highlights

• Mindgard — Mindgard is the leading provider of AI Red Teaming solutions.
• Leil Storage — ON-PREMISES DISTRIBUTED FILE STORAGE WITH CLOUD-SCALE DENSITY+23% extra FREE capacity and density NOW +23% extra FREE capacity and density NOW +20% lower CO₂ emissions and power costs NOW up to +70% saved energy in the futureFirst distributed filesystem that supports the biggest HDDs on the planet, enabling enterprises with HM-SMR basedstorage.
• Starship Technologies — The future of delivery - today!

Portfolio highlights

• Copla — Simplify cybersecurity compliance with automated workflows, audits, and risk management. Our expert CISO team tailors solutions to your organization's needs.
• CyberUpgrade — Simplify cybersecurity compliance with automated workflows, audits, and risk management. Our expert CISO team tailors solutions to your organization's needs.
• Nanordica Medical — Nanordica Medical develops novel nanoparticle-based antibacterial wound care products.

Portfolio highlights

• BlackWall — Protect your web site from hacking, content theft, crawling, and cloning!
• Cino — Cino automatically deducts everyone's share from their bank accounts. Create groups with whom you want to share bills, set your ratio split & stop fronting costs!
• Flowstep — Flowstep is a copilot that helps you create better designs, 10x faster. Just type and get user flows, high-fidelity UI, JTBD and more.

Portfolio highlights

• Coursy.io — Make employee development more effective with LMS powered by Learning Design
• Waybiller — Bulk TMS solution for end-to-end management: Waybiller transforms your logistics operations, allowing you to handle bulk shipments with precision and speed. The Best E-waybill Software & Bulk TMS Solution
• Bilance — Bilance connects to 2,300+ European banks, syncs your transactions automatically and sorts them into budgets. On iOS and Android.

Portfolio highlights

• Findery — Find and leave notes anywhere in the world, discover local knowledge, hidden secrets, and exciting stories. Share your travel knowledge, geoblog, or local news!
• GAMINSIDE — GAMINSIDE revolutionizes your relationship with your customers. As European full service provider, we deliver the complete package with solutions, services and software for gamified loyalty that is tailor-made and unique to your products, brands and customers. Integrate the best ideas from gamification and customer loyalty in your business areato exceed your commercial targets with GAMINSIDE.
• Polaron — Material Design. Supercharged with AI.

Portfolio highlights

• HolmesAI — Clone your intelligence to build the closest AI Agent to the real you. https://t.co/JFpIsFBHPb
• SYNTRA — Live AI trading system. Real-time execution, risk-managed positions, public trade feed. Signals, performance, transparency.
• Zoo Finance — Zoo Finance is a pioneering DeFi protocol focused on unlocking liquidity from locked assets, empowering users to access capital more efficiently while maximizing the utility of their on-chain holdings.

Portfolio highlights

• Pstryk — Pstryk is a mobile app that tracks expenditures in real time to help you make budget-conscious decisions about energy consumption.
• DefendEye — World’s first fully Autonomous Drone, powered by AI, requires no human pilot, no setup, no programming, handling everything from Takeoff & Landing to Aerial Reconnaissance & Navigation. Launch-Tube can be in a backpack, or installed on a fence. It’s very simple to install, and it’s low cost. The drone searches & navigates to humans. AIDetects humans faster & more accurate than humans can.
• FlyFocus — We specialize in the design and production of unmanned aerial vehicles for the civilian market and law enforcement.

Portfolio highlights

• eTEU — eTEU is a startup that works on documentation process optimisation and digitalisation in the container shipping industry
• Roundabout — La piattaforma per gestire in pochi click le tue campagne di influencer marketing raccontando i tuoi valori e le tue idee. Scopri subito il tool!
• Vonzu — VONZU is a SaaS solution for logistics and delivery management, which allows orchestration of the entire supply chain by integrating retailers and logistics operators in the same cloud ecosystem.

Portfolio highlights

• Yellow — Yellow is a financial services provider of software, analytics, and investments in blockchain startups.
• KIP Protocol — KIP Protocol is a decentralised AI framework unlocking digital property rights of Knowledge Assets in the AI-powered future.
• Alliance Games — Build Beyond Limits. Multiplayer for the Next, Decentralized Era.

Portfolio highlights

• Zengo — Zengo is the most secure crypto wallet: The only self-custodial wallet with no private key vulnerability. Powered by MPC, always recoverable, never hacked.
• DeepSafe — The world's first Cryptographic Random AI Verification Network for trustless verification of any on-chain and off-chain messages.
• SecondLive — SecondLive is a diversified metaverse focused on building social networks and supporting creator economic activities.

Portfolio highlights

• Remato — Remato is all-in-one & mobile-first platform to seamlessly manage projects, people and assets. Budget estimating & task planning, field communications & work tracking, real-time overview & automated reports.
• Moderan — Moderan is an online software for commercial real estate lease lifecycle management and asset reporting. So easy, any team can start using it in a day. Get your lease and property information organised. Save time with automated reports and make sure no deadline is missed.
• VideoCV.io — Spend less time reading stacks of resumes, and more time on finding the best fit for your company. VideoCV helps you increase your hiring productivity by streamlining your talent management processes.

Portfolio highlights

• BirdyChat — A modern work chat app for professionals. Start conversations with anyone using their work email. Collaborate and grow your network.
• Giraffe360 — Real estate camera and AI software for versatile listing media
• Saltz — Premium ingredients for your menu with no hidden delivery fees or markups.

Portfolio highlights

• Elusiv — Elusiv offers compliance in mind with next-generation privacy solutions for a better Web3.
• Blockmate — Connect millions of crypto users to your app with a single API
• Teneo Protocol — Teneo Protocol is a decentralized physical infrastructure network (DePIN) initiative.

Portfolio highlights

• Paypercut — Paypercut is a fintech startup that allows small and mid-scaled merchants to offer Buy Now, Pay Later at checkout via a single integration.
• Primio — The platform that takes an app from idea to install, because code stopped being the bottleneck.
• Principle — Test your strategic decisions before you commit. Principle simulates competitors, regulators, and market forces to stress-test your bets against adversarial reality.

Portfolio highlights

• A-World — Welcome to Animal World, a battle game based on #BNBCHAIN's super metaverse card tower defense. By setting up a hero tower to destroy monsters.
• NeuronX — The First AI-Driven Lending Protocol on @dfinity
• Vue Protocol — Community-First Layer for AI Memecoins. @solana @pumpdotfun @ton_blockchain Dvo1Fb7FxtUxsLbcQaizftfUT9HtL9P6swaQAScZDeQQ

Portfolio highlights

• Serwas — Serwas Technologies is an innovative GreenTech startup that transforms server and data centre waste heat into sustainable energy. By deploying direct to liquid cooling systems, the company captures exhaust heat that would otherwise be wasted and redirects it to provide cost-effective, eco-friendly heating for buildings like hotels and public pools.
• hypt — hypt is a Swiss based SaaS marketing solution that empowers companies to digitalize word-of-mouth. By using our word-of-mouth manager companies are able to activate 40% of their customers to send out a personal recommendation to their peers increasing sales through word-of-mouth by 4 times. Our solution empowers our ICP customers in the finance andinsurance segments to strategically use and optimize the most authentic and cost effective advertising channel – word-of-mouth – and makes it an accessible asset of every marketing mix.
• SOMAREALITY — SOMAREALITY provides eye tracking solutions for diverse industries. Improve healthcare, automotive, research & aviation with real-time cognitive insights.

Portfolio highlights

• HUNTY — HUNTY is a platform that help people find jobs by connecting them with world class mentors who prepare them for the job search process. And people only pay when they get hired.
• Mainstay — System of intelligence for residential real estate.
• Odyssey — Discover how Odyssey Energy Solutions unblocks bottlenecks in DRE project development. Access diverse financing, procure equipment efficiently, and remotely monitor system performance. Join over 2000 renewable energy companies that use Odyssey to scale. Get in touch today.

Portfolio highlights

• Arcjet — Arcjet helps developers protect their apps in just a few lines of code. Implement rate limiting, bot protection, email validation, and defense against common attacks.
• Qovery — Qovery is a DevOps automation tool that lets developers deploy and scale applications on their cloud by simplifying and automating infrastructure so tech teams can focus on what matters most: building great products.
• Handhold — Handhold is an AI platform that creates multimodal agents to automate the sales and onboarding process for inbound leads.

Portfolio highlights

• Obud — Obud is a wellness reservation systems that is designed for holistic health and lifestyle management purposes. The company's systems offer a comprehensive suite of tools for booking wellness activities, managing schedules, and accessing curated wellness programs, enabling wellness centers to streamline their operations, enhance userengagement, and promote a balanced and healthy lifestyle.
• myluigi.ai — Luigi is an AI-Powered Full-Stack Game Growth-as-a-Service platform designed to help mobile game studios scale user acquisition, engagement and lifetime value without adding headcount. Its dual-engine architecture automates and operates everything from ad campaign creation and real-time creative optimization to personalized in-game offers and LTVforecasting—delivered through a single, easy-to-integrate and unified dashboard. With a flexible per-title pricing model and powerful machine-learning insights, Luigi empowers mid-sized and indie developers to reduce CPI, boost retention and chart a clear path toward sustainable growth and seven-figure ARR.
• RubiLabs — RubiLabs Inc provides a platform for unifying, monitoring, and analyzing organizational data. RubiLabs software enables analysts and operators across risk, compliance, and security teams to collaborate and interpret large volumes of information in real time. The company’s platform is designed to help institutions make sense of complex, fragmenteddata by transforming it into a coherent operational picture for risk detection, continuous monitoring, and investigative workflows.

Portfolio highlights

• Saporo — Improve cyber resistance by prioritizing and reducing user access risk.
• CENSE AG — Regtech company that solves the compliance challenges with crypto for banks
• Blockbrain — AI-Driven Business Excellence

Portfolio highlights

• XRADERS — Powering informed decision making for investors XRADERS
• Root Protocol — ISME is building an operating system with the composition of an intent-centric aggregator of digital identity, virtual accounts, social graphs, and more to enable unified access to Web3.
• TON Strategy Company — VERB Technology Company is a software-as-a-Service, or SaaS, applications platform developer. Its platform is comprised of sales enablement business software products marketed on a subscription basis. The applications are available in both mobile and desktop versions. It includes verbCRM, Customer Relationship Management application, verbLEARN,Learning Management System application, and verbLIVE, its Live Broadcast Video Webinar application.

Portfolio highlights

• Salv — Smart AML solutions. Detect and mitigate money laundering risks through advanced transaction monitoring, sanction screening, and KYC risk scoring.
• Wwwash — Download wwwash app. Car wash - hardware and software to connect every car wash to cloud. wwwash.
• Sweatcoin — Sweatcoin is a digital currency backed by physical movement. They verify and convert movement into currency. Users can then donate it to charity, transfer to other users or spend on products, services, and experiences provided by Sweatcoin vendors and user community.Sweatcoin tackles Present Bias by moving the future benefits of exercise into thehere and now- immediately converting movement into a digital currency and changing the perception of physical movement.

Portfolio highlights

• Tuum — Tuum is a cloud-native banking platform that is spearheading the next generation of digital innovation in the financial services industry. Built around a microservices architecture, the platform consists of flexible and independent modules covering all retail and business banking capabilities. The platform is API-based for quick and easyintegration and can run on all major cloud providers, as well as on private clouds. Founded by a team of banking and technology experts in 2019, Tuum combines technological excellence with in-depth banking knowledge and packages it into a sophisticated, cutting-edge platform. Tuum currently employs over 60 people with offices in Tallinn, Berlin and Malaga
• Wisnio — Keep your international ledger and add the Spanish invoice layer.
• Solid World — A DAO that will create new carbon projects

Portfolio highlights

• geoSurge — Customers don't search. They ask.
• Marble — Marble is an opensource, real time fraud and compliance automation engine designed for fintechs and financial institutions.
• Backbone — AI platform for food & beverage quality teams. Connects standards, audits, supplier data, and customer requirements into one live picture. Automates the admin. Routes the right intelligence to the right person. Faster decisions, fewer blind spots.

Portfolio highlights

• Portal to Bitcoin — The only custody-less interoperability protocol for Bitcoin. Swap native BTC, Ordinals, Runes with L2s and L1s
• Euler — The credit layer for programmable finance
• WorkQuest — About WorkQuest WorkQuest is a decentralized employment and workforce automation protocol enabling employers and workers to collaborate through smart contracts, stablecoin payments, AI matching engines, and on-chain reputation scoring. The platform transforms global employment into a transparent, verifiable, and borderless digital labor economy.

Portfolio highlights

• Axis — A global liquidity provider for tokenized markets. Backed by @galaxyhq, @FalconXGlobal, @okx.
• Zoo Finance — Zoo Finance is a pioneering DeFi protocol focused on unlocking liquidity from locked assets, empowering users to access capital more efficiently while maximizing the utility of their on-chain holdings.
• Hypernova — The onchain prop firm, built to back traders.

Portfolio highlights

• pieverse — Pieverse is a Web3 platform that turns people’s time into tradable digital value.
• Meridian — Meridian is a Movement-native decentralized liquidity marketplace and liquid staking system that allows users to trade and earn with their assets smoothly.
• Movement Labs — Movement Labs is on a mission to create a global community of Move Builders, working together to improve decentralized network user experience.

Portfolio highlights

• Blitzy — You Describe It, We Build It
• Oxmiq Labs — Licensable GPU IP and a unified runtime for the age of inference. OXMIQ Labs is re-architecting the GPU stack from atoms to agents.
• Venice — Private & Unrestricted AI

Portfolio highlights

• Yaga — Yaga is designed for everyone who wants to sell items online in a convenient and secure manner.
• Yaga — Yaga is an online selling and shopping platform for new and preloved fashion. Buy preloved clothing safely or open your own shop and sell. Find unique second hand clothes, earn extra money and help save the Planet.
• Grünfin — Grünfin is a sustainable investing platform for people who care about their impact.

Portfolio highlights

• Enjinstarter — Web 3.0 Entertainment, Sports, Fashion, Metaverse, Social, Gamefi & Gamified Utility
• Zeitgeist PM — Zeitgeist PM is a blockchain tech to facilitate prediction markets and the futarchy form of governance.
• Genesis Shards — Crafting a whole new suite of NFT powered products across multiple blockchains

Portfolio highlights

• Terra One — Terra One engages in the development and operation of large-scale battery storage systems.
• Fairown — Fairown is a fintech company helping banks, brands, and retailers offer products as a service. Unlike BNPL solutions, we provide a unique payment platform, which allows environmentally conscious businesses to offer products for monthly subscriptions, and manage product renewal cycles.
• Bling.de — The pocket money card and app that empowers children & teens to be money-smart. Safe, simple and educational.

Portfolio highlights

• OX.FUN — Trade Bitcoin, Ethereum and trending altcoin derivatives on the most FUN exchange around. Join OX.FUN today and earn up to 200% yield. Moo.
• AINN Layer2 — AINN Layer2 is a decentralized Bitcoin Layer2 network development.It promotes large-scale AI applications
• Sanctum — Stake SOL and earn optimized LST returns from JupSOL, bbSOL, and more, and launch your own custom LST and Solana validator.

Portfolio highlights

• Esgrid — Esgrid provides value-chain sustainability management solutions to medium-sized businesses and financial institutions.
• Supersimple — Supersimple helps SaaS companies use customer behavior data to drive decisions in product & sales.
• ScamGuardian.AI — ScamGuardian develops AI-powered victim simulations to capture actionable scam intelligence

Portfolio highlights

• Rilla — Demonstrating 90% reduction in cost-to-serve for live-streaming, Rilla is rewiring the content economy, directing the value generated back to creators and their communities.By leveraging audience bandwidth and rewarding them with ownership in the network, the savings are equivalent to a free month subscription every year for a moderate level ofviewership.Founded by the technical founders behind Altered State Machine, acquired for 214m. Together for 5+ ventures, collectively raising 130m+ and valued at 1b+.
• Osmo — Osmo is a payment company that helps people to send and receive money immediately.
• Uniblock — Uniblock helps connect developers with Web3 using our APIs and services. Our developers use Uniblock because of how easy it is to integrate into exciting applications. Try it for free today!

Portfolio highlights

• Creem — Creem is the all-in-one platform where software companies run payments, taxes, affiliates and revenue - together Finance for humans building online
• Bilt.me — Describe your app idea and Bilt builds it. Preview on your phone, publish to the App or Play Store when you're ready.
• ScamGuardian.AI — ScamGuardian develops AI-powered victim simulations to capture actionable scam intelligence

Portfolio highlights

• Alvin — Highly accurate, automated column-level lineage, powering your data workflows.
• BeTRITON — 100% electric recreational vehicle - revolution in sustainable travel. BeTRITON (formerly known as Z-Triton) offers extraordinary experience and freedom to travel both over land and water.
• Around — The largest network of workspaces on flexible terms. We are a savvy team from Latin America providing fast-growing companies with on-demand access to flexible office space. Everywhere.We believe work at its best is always creative and collaborative, expressed with freedom, autonomy, and purpose; and the space surrounding us should help us achieveit, anywhere & everywhere.We are shaping the future of work today by improving workspaces and the rules around them, and helping innovative teams find their ideal space to make their best work every day — our first step on a journey to change the way we work and think about work.Our best work. Anywhere. Everywhere. We are Around.

Portfolio highlights

• Vangrid — Vangrid operates as a decentralized physical infrastructure network.
• ORO — ORO is an AI-powered DeFi companion that lets users manage, trade, stake, lend, and research crypto assets through natural-language conversations, ORO aims to simplify onchain finance by bringing portfolio management and DeFi actions into one conversational interface.
• Fortune Protocol — Fortune Protocol brings the age- old tradition of fortune cookies to the modern prediction market.

Portfolio highlights

• worm.wtf — worm.wtf is the prediction marketplace for the Solana ecosystem.
• Pulse — Pulse is a developer of an all-in-one health and wellness platform designed to integrate a wearable gadget and a fitness tracking software.
• Vanish Trade — Vanish Trade is a Solana-based trading platform focused on anonymity.

Portfolio highlights

• Click Cash — Click Cash is a mobile App that simplifies the complicated and bureaucratic process of personal unsecured lending to individuals. 
Available on Google Play Store for Android devices, the app uses BigData and Open Banking for a new approach to personal finance, enabling secure and reliable microcredit to financially underserved people, in additionto financial education to help them make the best use of the new credit options that are now opening for the general public.
 Based out of São Paulo (Brazil), the Fintech startup was originally idealized by Estonian entrepreneurs that saw in Brazil and Latin America the opportunity to develop their solution. Key founders bring 15+ years of experience in online lending in Europe and were founders of Amarbank in Indonesia in 2014, which made IPO in January 2020. 
In 2019 it was estimated 45M unbanked and 65M financially underserved, but active and connected people, in Brazil alone. A group that has a financial activity of more than U$154 billion / R$ 800 billion per year, and a huge unmet demand for microcredit.
 Click Cash offers, in a 5 minutes process, from 100 USD to 1.000 USD loans to be paid back in up to 24 months. Flexible and adapted to the new digital economy, we work with other Fintechs and traditional banks alike, using the most advanced technologies in Data Analytics and Mobile Security, i.e: facial recognition and device behavioral analytics, as well as financial history, that enables us to run a full credit analysis in seconds creating personalized offers per user. 
The Click Cash App was officially launched in March 2020, and by May 2021 had +460K downloads and reached Top 5 in finance Apps in Brazil, with 4+ stars rating in Google Play Store.
• Income — Income is a European marketplace for investing into consumer loans from around the world. Built by investors to investors, we seek to fix the problems of the current peer to peer platforms and to make a better investment experience for all. We connect consumer lending companies around the world to investors and enable an easy, fast and improvedway to invest.
• Shandi Global — Shandi Global is developing technology that will enable it to manufacture plant-based meat substitutes that have amino acid and protein profiles that are similar to real meats, and thus have more flexible use cases than the current offerings of patties, nuggets, and sausages.

Portfolio highlights

• Wave — Wave is a US blockchain SUI ecosystem that offers DeFi and GameFi products.
• Domin Network — Domin Network is a decentralized business network that connects software and hardware in many business situations using the NFT middleware protocol and DePIN rollup technology.
• E Money Network — E Money Network is a modular Real-World Asset (RWA) blockchain technology designed with compliance at its core.

Portfolio highlights

• Tazapay — Experience Tazapay's best-in-class global payment solutions for businesses. Our extensive network supports cards, local payment options, and bank transfers in over 173 countries, ensuring seamless collections, secure holding, and efficient payouts worldwide.
• DePay — DePay is an Argentina-based real-time payments infrastructure startup.
• The Giving Block — The Giving Block makes it easy for nonprofits to accept non-cash donations like crypto and stocks for 2,000+ nonprofits. The Giving Block is the largest platform that helps nonprofits accept crypto and stock donations. In 2022, it was acquired by Shift4, a publicly traded payments company.

Portfolio highlights

• Wert — Making purchasing of NFTs seamless and not requiring users to have crypto.
• Klavi — Klavi specializes in data analytics and open data connectivity that receives data securely, quickly, and scalable through a single API.
• CAF — We are specialists in combating identity theft and people trying to impersonate others.

Portfolio highlights

• Itheum — As we enter the web3 and metaverse era; Itheum unlocks data silos and generates new value for your data.
• OP_NET —
• Watch.fun —

Portfolio highlights

• Daytona — Deploy Al code with confidence using Daytona's lightning-fast infrastructure. 90ms environment creation, stateful operations, and enterprise-grade security.
• Intryc — Sample tickets, evaluate human and AI agents, and unlock customer insights with the power of AI with Intryc.
• Vidoc Security Lab — Ethical Hacking Automation platform for security teams

Portfolio highlights

• BlueQubit — BlueQubit is on a mission to democratize Quantum Computing and make it accessible to everyone. Through our BQ platform users can develop, test and run programs on Quantum Computers.
• Cryptoswift — CryptoSwift helps crypto businesses comply with the Travel Rule via secure, automated data exchange between VASPs.
• Protium Tech — Protium Tech provides smart solutions for a sustainable environment with a wide range of comprehensive products and customized services. It offers a package of technical support and advisory services in the hydrogen field, in addition to R&D in bio-hydrogen and wastewater treatment.