Top 50 Digital Media VC Funds & Investors in South Korea (August 2026)

Portfolio highlights

• BIGC — BIGC is a technology company that offers digital marketing, content creation, and advertising services.
• N.Light — N.Light is a Metaverse 3D design software that allows individuals to effortlessly turn their ideas into reality.
• Solarstic — Solarstic is an innovative, eco-friendly energy technology startup specializing in the development of lightweight, high-efficiency solar modules designed to make clean energy more accessible, scalable, and sustainable for residential, commercial, and off-grid applications.

Portfolio highlights

• CarbonSix — CarbonSix delivers cutting-edge robotics automation for manufacturing, combining Six-Sigma robot dexterity and intelligence to transform industrial operations worldwide.
• The SMC Group — The SMC Group is a social marketing company.
• Point2 Technology — We Develop Innovative, Ultra-Low Power Connectivity SoCs Point2 Technology cloud-optimized range of high-speed SoCs and reference design platforms accelerate deployment of next generation data centers and 5G infrastructure.

Portfolio highlights

• REMEX Liquidation — What You can Do
• MHS — MHS operates as a thermal management company specializing in cooling technology and thermal fluid analysis for high-heat environments. The company applies experience from multiple industries and knowledge of heatsink design to assess customer requirements and operating conditions at the design stage. It develops and provides thermal solutions forengineering applications.
• Pickle Plus — Pickle Plus provides an account sharing service for the OTT platform.

Portfolio highlights

• Nventric — Nventric is a medical device company that develops core products for neurovascular, coronary heart, and peripheral vascular applications.
• Return Zero — AI, ASR, Diarization, Speech, ML
• Linq — We are creating ‘hyper-automated insurance platforms’ to comprehensively support underwriters and claim adjusters and to facilitate communication between insurers and reinsurers using AI and deep learning.

Portfolio highlights

• NYOU — NYOU is a game development company that develops games for recreational purposes.
• Soelect — Soelect creates cutting-edge engineering solutions for anode technology and solid-state electrolyte materials, enabling safe, high-energy-density batteries for use in electric vehicles, portable electronics, power tools, drones, aircraft, spacecraft, and tactical defense equipment. Soelect's LiX technology is a lithium metal anode for fastcharging of all advanced and solid-state batteries.
• Wantedlab — Wanted provides personalized job recommendations and content programs to empower your lifelong career journey. Wanted is here for you, every step of the way.

Portfolio highlights

• Techtaka — SaaS, Logistics
• Linq — We are creating ‘hyper-automated insurance platforms’ to comprehensively support underwriters and claim adjusters and to facilitate communication between insurers and reinsurers using AI and deep learning.
• Cosmobloom — Cosmobloom Co. is a manufacturing company that analyses, designs, and develops space solar power generation systems and solar power sails.

Portfolio highlights

• PureSpace — PureSpace has developed a novel technology in extending shelf-life of fresh products that is applicable to all types of produce along the supply chain. Grocery stores and road transportation is a major application for shelf-life extension.
• NexGenT — Launch Your IT Career in Networking or Cyber Security Online With Our Military Grade Inspired Next Generation Training Programs. Go From Zero To Engineer within 6 months! Zero Up Front Tuition Options Available!
• Channel Talk — Channel Corp. provide a chat platform Channel Talk to create a customer-centric culture.

Portfolio highlights

• Winegraph — Winegraph is an SNS-based wine search and recommendation platform.
• Stan World — Stan World is a Fandom Party World where fans can party & win rewards for their Stars, 24/7.
• Minimap — The all-in-one game tracker for PC & Console. Sync achievements and trophies, manage your backlog, and analyze playtime stats. Your entire gaming history, unified.

Portfolio highlights

• FastView — FastView provides content commerce services and online marketing services.
• MID — MID specializes in the development, testing, and production of space-related components.
• CarbonSix — CarbonSix delivers cutting-edge robotics automation for manufacturing, combining Six-Sigma robot dexterity and intelligence to transform industrial operations worldwide.

Portfolio highlights

• YUZUCO — YUZUCO is here to make yuzu easier to enjoy. We import premium Japanese yuzu and bottle our cold-pressed, never heat-treated juice products in California. Yuzu Super Juice, our proprietary blend, is a sustainable answer to your citrus needs.
• Neubility — Connecting the physical world with robotic autonomy
• Bunker Kids — Bunker Kids is a startup that provides solutions optimized for achieving personal health goals using data and algorithms.

Portfolio highlights

• OYD — OYD is a consumer goods brand aggregator that operates the functional skincare and body care brand Sione and the casual ball cap brand Onooi.
• Sans — Sans is the first alternative coffee brand in Korea to replicate the taste and aroma of coffee without using beans, and it is the only brand in the world to operate specialty alternative coffee stores. Instead of coffee beans, which are designated as one of the "five endangered crops," Sans developed an alternative coffee similar toAmericano by combining 12 ingredients, such as jujube seeds, chicory roots, and barley, which are easy to grow in greenhouses in any country regardless of climate change.
• Out of Set — Out of Set is a technology startup that creates ultra-lightweight vertical AI models that operate directly on the device without requiring an online connection.

Portfolio highlights

• N.Light — N.Light is a Metaverse 3D design software that allows individuals to effortlessly turn their ideas into reality.
• Rapeech — Rapeech is an AI voice technology company that provides product development services.
• TR — TR is a digital healthcare company that designs and develops medical devices and electronic products.

Portfolio highlights

• XORBIS — XORBIS offers software, media hardware integration, and media management solutions for public and cultural spaces.
• Sodomall — Sodomall is a retail-tech platform that operates offline group-buying stores, connecting consumers through community-driven purchasing. It enables store-based pickup of products ordered collectively, focusing on cost-efficient distribution, franchise-style expansion, and a hybrid model that links online ordering with offline retail locations forimproved accessibility and convenience.
• The Muse Entertainment — The Muse Entertainment is a professional entertainment agency.

Portfolio highlights

• Korean Air — Korean Air provides passenger air transportation, air cargo logistics, and related travel services through scheduled and charter flight operations. The company transports passengers between international and domestic destinations and manages ticketing, reservations, and in-flight services through its digital platforms and airport operations. Itscargo division handles freight transportation, including general cargo, special shipments, and charter logistics, and supports shipment tracking and electronic air waybill processing. The company also operates integrated logistics services such as trucking connections that link air routes with ground transport networks for cargo delivery. In addition, Korean Air runs programs that allow cargo customers to measure and reduce transportation-related carbon emissions through the use of sustainable aviation fuel initiatives.
• Upstage — Upstage AI develops artificial intelligence technologies focused on large language models and document processing systems designed to support enterprise workflows. Its platform includes tools that convert unstructured data such as PDFs, scans, and emails into structured, machine-readable formats, enabling downstream analysis and automation. Thecompany also provides models like its Solar LLM, which are optimized for tasks such as text generation, information extraction, and question answering within business environments. Its solutions are applied across industries including finance, healthcare, insurance, and manufacturing to handle tasks like document parsing, data extraction, and workflow automation. Additionally, its services can be deployed through APIs, cloud environments, or on-premise systems to integrate with existing enterprise infrastructure.
• Seeann Solution — integrated PSI manufacturer Seeann Solution

Portfolio highlights

• Cashmore — Cashmore is an app service that analyzes consumers' store visits, mobility paths, and consumption history to deliver customized discount benefits.
• Bind — Bind is a start-up that operates the mobile and PC version of 'Athler'.
• Markoville — Markoville is an entertainment content company that develops animation, games, comics, and character-based intellectual property (IP) using a media-mix strategy. It focuses on creating fun, family-friendly characters and storytelling content across multiple platforms.

Portfolio highlights

• My Link — Business Intelligence Solution & Service
• Rainbow Company — Rainbow Company is a software firm that develops a cloud-based mobile application, next-generation photo cards, which enables the capture of photos, videos, and audio. The platform functions as a cloud-based photo service leveraging image recognition and augmented reality (AR) video playback technologies.
• All My Anic Dots — All My Anic Dots is a virtual entertainment company dedicated to the creation, development, and management of virtual idols—digital performers brought to life through advanced animation, motion capture, and artificial intelligence technologies.

Portfolio highlights

• Cashkaro — Cashkaro is an Indian cashback and coupons site. They are backed by Mr. Ratan Tata and Indian VC firms, Kalaari Capital. With over two million registered users, CashKaro is a one stop destination for savings across 1500+ ecommerce sites like Amazon.in, Flipkart, Nykaa, Ajio, etc.
• Together Funding — Together Funding offers peer-to-peer financial service.
• Inovio Pharmaceuticals — INOVIO is advancing novel immunotherapy technologies to reshape the future of treating and preventing infectious diseases and cancer.

Portfolio highlights

• StepLab — StepLab is a microsatellite systems company specializing in space mechanism technology, developing innovative satellite platforms and advanced aerospace solutions that support efficient satellite deployment, in-orbit operations, and a wide range of commercial and scientific space missions.
• Medifab — Medifab is a bio-healthcare center that offers 3D system testing, measurement analysis, and OEM service.
• Ohouse — No.1 Interior Onestop Platform

Portfolio highlights

• Toad World — Toad World is a real estate platform that facilitates direct property transactions between landlords and tenants. It offers a user-friendly mobile application that is available on iOS and Android, enabling users to efficiently search for and list rental properties. Their mission is to streamline the real estate transaction process.
• Haimaru Company — Haimaru Company is the developer of the AI-based influencer communication platform 'ReverseTok.' The company supports creators through casting and brand development, plans content and channel strategies, offers structured training programs to develop skills, and provides management using equipment and data-driven analysis for channeloperation, enabling digital creators and partner brands to access professional production support, education, and international audience growth opportunities.
• Big House Entertainment — Big House Entertainment creates content like webtoons and dramas, focusing on cross-platform storytelling across media, games.

Portfolio highlights

• Culture Machine — WOW33 dapat diakses dari berbagai perangkat dengan performa yang tetap optimal sehingga pemain bebas menikmati platform kapan saja dan dari mana saja.
• Lightfury Games — India's true AAA game studio with a vision to pioneer a new era of gaming by creating groundbreaking AAA titles that entertain and inspire players worldwide.
• Royal Challengers Bengaluru — The Official Twitter handle of your favourite IPL and WPL team Royal Challengers Bengaluru.

Portfolio highlights

• Dnotitia — Dnotitia is a pioneering AI (Artificial Intelligence) company driving innovative value by integrating AI and data. Founded in October 2023, Dnotitia specializes in developing; Seahorse, a high-performance vector database powered by its proprietary Vector Data Processing Units (VDPU), and Mnemos, a cutting-edge service solution for Large LanguageModels (LLMs). The company also leads the development of sLMs (Small Language Models) and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, crucial for advancing generative AI technologies and positioning itself at the forefront of AI technology.
• Cave Duck — Caveduck is an AI character chat platform where you can create, customize, and talk to virtual characters across web and mobile (iOS and Android). It focuses on AI character chats rather than general-purpose Q&A, letting you pick or design personas with specific traits, backstories, and moods.
• Warp Space — Free Trial! Create your own unique AI friend.

Portfolio highlights

• Swype — Swype creates text input technology for screens. The patented interface enables users to create words with one continuous finger motion across an on-screen keyboard. This approach provides a faster and easier way to write. Swype delivers single-tap, multi-tap, predictive and "swype" motions for both stylus and finger based input.In addition, the application is designed to work across a variety of devices such as phones, tablets, game consoles, kiosks, televisions, virtual screens and more.Seattle based Swype Inc. was founded by Cliff Kushler and Randy Marsden in 2003. Cliff is the co-inventor of T9, the standard predictive text-entry solution used on almost 3 billion mobile phones worldwide. Randy is the developer of the onscreen keyboard included in Windows, with an installed base of over 500 million units
• ZutaCore — The ZutaCore waterless direct-to-chip liquid cooling solutions is a smart, sustainable alternative to conventional air and water cooling for data centers.
• Walden Robotics — Walden Robotics is an industrial robotics company that builds and deploys general-purpose, semi-humanoid robots for manufacturing and logistics.

Portfolio highlights

• Shopl & Company — From Scheduling to Task management and Communication. Collaborate easily with teams on site with Shopl.
• LIVEKLASS — LIVEKLASS is an operator of a knowledge-based platform intended to offer independent education. LIVEKLASS allows one to learn about any topic they want by creating and operating a variety of live classes.
• Medistream — Medistream operates an integrated platform for oriental medicine.

Portfolio highlights

• Yulift — Yulift is an edtech company that develops AI and coding education platforms for beginners and aspiring developers. The company operates AI Coding Valley, a mobile-based learning platform that provides programming and artificial intelligence education content for beginners and students.
• Plugo — Indonesia's e-commerce platform for all businesses. Start, manage, and grow your business. Build your own online store website.
• PeopleFund — Founded in 2015, PeopleFund is Korea's leading data-driven digital lender focused on consumer finance. Our mission is to give financial freedom to all consumers through more affordable loans and better investment opportunities. Leveraging its proprietary, data-driven credit model and eliminating inefficiencies with technology, PeopleFunddelivers better loan rates for borrowers while maintaining an industry low loss rate to benefit retail and institutional investors. PeopleFund is the first digital lender in Korea to surpass $1B in loan originations and has provided an innovative way to invest to nearly 400,000 retail investors. It is notably the first fintech platform to offer loan and investment products directly on KakaoTalk, Korea's equivalent of WhatsApp. To date, PeopleFund has completed its Series C round of funding with a total of $63.4M of equity capital raised. For more information, visit www.peoplefund.co.kr.

Portfolio highlights

• Nums AI — Nums AI is a single foundation model that predicts across commerce, healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and defense.
• Dentlink — A state-of-the-art digital dental lab, made by masters. All-on-X, veneers, implant crowns. One dedicated master technician on every case. First case free.
• WIRobotics — My First-Ever Robot

Portfolio highlights

• Dentlink — A state-of-the-art digital dental lab, made by masters. All-on-X, veneers, implant crowns. One dedicated master technician on every case. First case free.
• Namdo Market — Namdo Market is a mobile application for wholesale and retail trading services. It is a online wholesale marketplace that connects buyers with products from major Korean shopping districts. It allows users to browse and order items directly from multiple vendors in one place.
• Pop-Up Studio — Pop-Up Studio is a joint venture between Singapore-based venture studio Wilt Venture Builders (WVB) and AI studio DubDubDub, bringing together venture creation expertise and advanced artificial intelligence capabilities to develop innovative, technology-driven solutions for brands and digital platforms.

Portfolio highlights

• RXC — RXC is a startup that creates a differentiated next-gen media commerce platform that helps brands succeed.
• Anipen — ANIPEN (애니펜) is a Korean 3D content development platform that enables enterprises to develop video communication and entertainment platforms.
• Zenerate — Zenerate provides AI-powered feasibility solutions for real estate development in order to maximize returns while saving time.

Portfolio highlights

• Veluga — Veluga is a membership service that provides regular delivery of craft beer and pairing night snack twice a month.
• LifeLabs — LifeLabs is a Canadian-owned company that has been serving the healthcare needs of Canadians for more than 50 years. Today, LifeLabs performs more than 100 million laboratory tests every year, helping healthcare providers diagnose, treat, monitor and prevent disease in patients.LifeLabs is strongly committed to continual innovation in testingservices. For our patients and healthcare providers, this means we always strive to provide access to the latest specialized clinical tests—to detect cancer for example, to monitor heart disease, identify neurological disorders and pinpoint allergies.LifeLabs is well-positioned to deliver care at home, in the community and across Ontario and British Columbia. We have over 5,400 professionally trained staff members, over 360 conveniently located patient service centres and an extensive network of couriers and mobile phlebotomists on the job.
• Perseus — World Best Hypervisor Security Solutions for SDV

Portfolio highlights

• Fenda — Fenda is an app where users can set their own price for answering questions in a field they are good at, and others can ask questions and pay for answers. Additionally, users can pay to listen to other questions and answers in the app
• Gaana — Gaana.com- Listen & Download latest MP3 songs online. Download new or old Hindi songs, Bollywood songs, English songs* & more on Gaana+ and play offline. Create, share and listen to streaming music playlists.
• Full Truck Alliance — Full Truck Alliance is a platform that connects shippers with truckers to facilitate shipments across distance ranges and cargo weights. its revenues principally from shippers' and truckers' use of its platforms in connection with freight matching services.

Portfolio highlights

• bHaptics — Experience immersive haptic feedback with bHaptics TactSuit. 32 motors, 250+ compatible VR games. Full body haptic vest, gloves, and accessories.
• EASYWITH — Easywith is a media research and development company design and produces creative content using new visuals and ideas.
• Twinny — Twinny specializes in the development of self-driving robots.

Portfolio highlights

• DevD — DevD is a startup that provides 1:1 customized content and recommendation services based on self-developed lifestyle AI algorithms.
• Eleven O'Clock — Eleven O'Clock is a space management platform that offers non-face-to-face cleaning of accommodation facilities. The company's platform Keeper innovates space operation and management as the new standard for space management. The efficiency and quality of space management are improved according to the systematic manual of the Keeperplatform. The platform records and communicates every process as data, from management manuals to space status checks.
• Real Estate Planet — Real Estate Planet is an AI-based real estate platform that provides transaction prices, investment, and management information.

Portfolio highlights

• RLWRLD — RLWRLD specializes in "Physical AI" by creating robotics foundation models (RFMs) designed to enable robots to function autonomously in real-world environments.
• FuriosaAI — FuriosaAI develops system semiconductors optimized for AI, enabling efficient processing of large amounts of data in a short period of time.
• Tommoro Robotics — We build the next generation of Physical AI.

Portfolio highlights

• Jaranda — Jaranda is a learning sheet for working parents platform. They provide services for children. It solves the problem of asymmetry in child care and education information that depends on human networks. It helps children and parents discover and experience what they want.
• Byte Company — Daily Byte is a business and economics media platform that delivers simplified financial and market news through newsletters, premium content, and investment analysis services. The platform helps readers understand complex economic issues, stock markets, and business trends in an easy-to-digest format through daily briefings and educationalcontent. It also offers premium research content under the “Byte+” membership service focused on investing, finance, and economic insights.
• TeamFresh — TeamFresh is a cargo and freight company that provides logistics services.

Portfolio highlights

• Moon Rover Games — Moon Rover Games is a game production studio that aims to create interesting, high-quality experiences while keeping "human-sized"
• 4th CREATIVE PARTY — 4th Creative Party is a VFX studio, animation and new media content company.
• Light Field Lab — Escape the Screen. We're creating a world where content escapes the screen and merges with reality.

Portfolio highlights

• FuriosaAI — FuriosaAI develops system semiconductors optimized for AI, enabling efficient processing of large amounts of data in a short period of time.
• Law&Company — {{ metaDescription }}
• Korea Deep Learning — Korea Deep Learning is an artificial intelligence technology company that offers OCR, analytics, and 3D DX solutions.

Portfolio highlights

• RLWRLD — RLWRLD specializes in "Physical AI" by creating robotics foundation models (RFMs) designed to enable robots to function autonomously in real-world environments.
• To-Day — To-Day is a developer of an online delivery platform to create a same day delivery service.
• Protier Biotech — PROTIER Biotech is a company leading the development of therapeutics through innovative biotechnology .

Portfolio highlights

• Preneu — PRENEU is a brand specialized in drones and ceaselessly challenging and striving to meet market needs and improve technology.Find drones manufacturer and supplier, reconnaissance drone service systems in korea.
• AutoHands — AutoHands is a South Korea-based mobility company that offers comprehensive integrated mobility services including vehicle buying and selling, management, online used-car auctions, car rentals, extended warranties, residual value guarantees, mobile maintenance, and accident compensation programs.
• Shine Games — Shine Games provides mobile game software development and supply.

Portfolio highlights

• EASYWITH — Easywith is a media research and development company design and produces creative content using new visuals and ideas.
• Urban Data Lab — Urban Data Lab is an AI-based company that specializes in the image, video, and natural language processing.

Portfolio highlights

• iTruck — iTruck is a transportation application that offers an integrated trading platform for used trucks.
• CastingN — CastingN is a B2B trading platform that helps companies outsource.
• EASYWITH — Easywith is a media research and development company design and produces creative content using new visuals and ideas.

Portfolio highlights

• iTNew — iTNew Corp is a company focused on using Web3 and blockchain technologies to drive innovation and create customized digital solutions.
• VivaLabs — VivaLabs is a health tech company that analyzes senior health data with AI technology and implements a personalized exercise prescription system to provide scientific strength training programs.
• Dfinite Inc. — DARVIS 2.0 is an AI-powered data operations platform designed to streamline, automate, and optimize the entire data lifecycle, leveraging advanced machine learning, intelligent analytics, and workflow automation to help enterprises manage, interpret, and act on complex data efficiently, enabling faster decision-making and improved operationalperformance.

Portfolio highlights

• Globaleur — Thousands of travelers from around the world rely on Globaleur for travel. Leverage Globaleur's software and APIs that include dynamic destination data and AI-powered developer tools to change the way we travel the world.
• Lala Stations — Lala Stations provides customized live total solutions for brand companies from live content creation and sales centered on live SaaS.
• Contents Technologies — Content Technologies is a content IP-based company builder.

Portfolio highlights

• HT Beyond — HT Beyond provides IoT solutions.
• Shiok Meats — Delicious, healthy & cell-based seafood from Shiok Meats. Get variety of cultivated meat, cultivated seafood, cell cultured meat & Lab Meats in Singapore.
• Lala Stations — Lala Stations provides customized live total solutions for brand companies from live content creation and sales centered on live SaaS.

Portfolio highlights

• BioSean — BioSean is a diverse feed technology and breeding organization that provides integrated solutions for microorganisms utilized from the hatched self-fish stage to plankton, high-efficiency fermented feed, and functional additive feed.
• Nanum Vitamin — Nanum Vitamin offers easy meals for children at risk of skipping meals without the burden of using an online child meal card registration payment system.
• Welfare Union — Welfare Union focused on customized senior care meals and nutritional services.

Portfolio highlights

• Logpresso — Logpresso is an automated security operation platform that integrates on-premise, cloud, and SaaS environments.
• Playtag — Playtag uses AI technology to analyze infant behavior and provide customized education in kindergartens.
• Typecast — The online AI voice generator that can turn your text into life-like speech. Our extensive selection of hyper-realistic voices. Create your content just the way you want it!

Portfolio highlights

• RXC — RXC is a startup that creates a differentiated next-gen media commerce platform that helps brands succeed.

Portfolio highlights

• RXC — RXC is a startup that creates a differentiated next-gen media commerce platform that helps brands succeed.
• Samshin — Samshin is an infertility prevention and egg freezing support services company. It provides ovarian health checkups and diagnostic kits. It also provides B2B egg freezing and infertility assistance concierge services. The company's services for individuals include hormone testing and virtual consultations.

Portfolio highlights

• RXC — RXC is a startup that creates a differentiated next-gen media commerce platform that helps brands succeed.
• brick — Redbrick, a tech startup founded in 2018, aims to democratize the creation of games and metaverse content. It offers a cloud-based 3D creation engine, which has significantly lowered the entry barrier to game development that was previously complex and challenging. Redbrick's 3D creation engine leverages Artificial Intelligence GeneratedContent (AIGC), Educational Technology (Edtech), and Blockchain technology, enabling anyone to easily and quickly create games, metaverse, VR, and AR content. Additionally, the Redbrick Store allows for the monetization of these creative works. Currently, Redbrick boasts over 200,000 UGC (User Generated Content) game creators and more than 1 million users.

Portfolio highlights

• Visit — Visit is a company that provides digital innovation solutions in various fields such as tourism and smart cities .

Portfolio highlights

• Deeply — Deeply is a sound AI specialized in the unmanned surveillance industry. It also develops AI voice analysis technology designed to analyze non-verbal sounds and extract information. They serve city surveillance, infrastructure, military, rail, air, and port systems.
• Red Brick House — Red Brick House is a specialized South Korean indie game publisher dedicated to discovering, supporting, and publishing innovative independent games, helping talented developers bring creative and engaging gaming experiences to players across domestic and global markets.
• AWESOME Entertainment — AWESOME Entertainment is a media and digital content company that provides YouTube content production, influencer and MCN management, advertising and branded content creation, and media commerce services. The comapny supports brands with campaign planning, viral video production, and distribution across multiple social platforms, while alsooffering production outsourcing and partnership services to maximize audience reach and engagement.

Portfolio highlights

• Genome & Co. — Genome & Company is a biotechnology company that researches microbes and probiotics and develops dietary supplements, cosmeceuticals, and new drugs for obesity, diabetes, acne, atopic dermatitis, and cancer.
• HYRobotics — Plastic-injection molding Take-Out Robots manufactured with South Korean technology and distributed domestically by HYRobotics St. Louis, featuring t...
• CC Media Service — CC Media Service is an IT company that specializes in data modelling, web analysis, and bigdata consulting solutions.