Top 50 Medical Angel Investors in United States (August 2026)

Portfolio highlights

• The Beans — The Beans offers a software application platform that creates personalized cash flow plans designed for its users. The Beans is Simplifying the path to financial balance through design and technology so that people can focus on what they love.
• NextSense — Introducing NextSense Smartbuds: EEG-powered earbuds that go beyond sleep tracking. Backed by science, Smartbuds provide real-time insights to help you achieve deeper, more restorative sleep. Comfortable, intuitive, and easy to use, Smartbuds empower you to wake up your best self.
• Openwater — OPENWATER - THE FUTURE OF NEURAL DIAGNOSTICS IN THE PALM OF YOUR HAND.

Portfolio highlights

• World Labs — World Labs is an AI startup that can analyze visual data with comprehension akin to a person's, a substantial advancement above existing capacities.
• The Invention Network — ScaleIP is an IP business intelligence platform that helps companies monetize IP.
• Clair Health — Clair Health is building the first noninvasive wearable continuous hormone monitor. Track estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH, and PdG in real-time. Join the Clair Health waitlist.

Portfolio highlights

• CollX — Snap photos of them and instantly get the current market price. Add them to your collection and track your overall portfolio value.
• Collectors — The infrastructure that powers trust, security, and opportunity in collectibles.
• Iterative Health — Iterative Health is a healthcare technology and services company that focuses on accelerating clinical research to improve patient outcomes through innovative approaches. The company transforms gastrointestinal (GI) care by utilizing AI-driven clinical trials and diagnostics, significantly enhancing access to vital treatments.

Portfolio highlights

• SolveAI —
• Rowspace — Specialized intelligence for investors. Compound your firm's edge. We're hiring!
• Harmattan AI — Building the Future of Autonomous Warfare.

Portfolio highlights

• Humera — Humera - AI CAPTCHA That Knows You're Human
• Allonic — Allonic is a robotics hardware company pioneering 3D Tissue Braiding, a new manufacturing platform for producing integrated, compliant, bio-inspired robotic bodies through a single, fully automated production process. By eliminating assembly-heavy designs and supply-chain complexity, Allonic enables significantly faster iteration, lower costs, andsafer, more dexterous robots to be built. Originally founded from Hungary and operating internationally with a US HQ and a growing team of 15, Allonic is building the hardware foundation for the next generation of intelligent machines.
• Heywa Labs — Heywa Labs develops Generative UX (GenUX), an AI-driven interface layer that creates dynamic, adaptive user experiences beyond static text or links. Their flagship app, Heywa, delivers visual, tappable "stories" of cards for tasks like cooking, travel, fitness, and DIY, reconfiguring in real-time based on user interactions.

Portfolio highlights

• Scoop — Thrive in a hybrid work environment with Scoop's solutions for Workplace Safety, Workplace Utilization, Team Coordination, Desk Management, and Commute.
• Crosby — The AI Law Firm Built for Execution. Lawyer-assisted AI to review MSAs, DPAs and NDAs in under an hour.
• Overwatch Research — Generate accurate in vivo study data as a part of your efficient, connected R&D.

Portfolio highlights

• Onsetto — Onsetto helps banks capture primary operating accounts by seamlessly switching payroll, AR/AP, and cash flows during customer onboarding.
• Bonsai — Bonsai is the first-party marketing intelligence platform that automates profitable growth. Trust your marketing data, make confident decisions, drive revenue.
• Evecxia Therapeutics — Evecxia Therapeutics is dedicated to realizing the therapeutic potential of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) for the treatment of mental illness.

Portfolio highlights

• Zanskar — Zanskar Geothermal & Minerals uses custom AI tools and geoscience models to analyze vast amounts of data and pinpoint untapped geothermal hotspots.
• Play Health — Delivering data & AI-driven (peri)menopause care software to improve outcomes today, developing precision medicine infrastructure for tomorrow.
• Dunia Innovation — Catalysing the energy transition.

Portfolio highlights

• Seezo — Security design reviews for every feature your company builds. Someday, we will be more active on Twitter
• Neurable — Neurable is a neurotechnology company specializing in developing AI-powered tools for brain signal translation and brain-computer interface technology. Utilizing patented signal processing, developed through research across labs and institutions, and advanced by a scientific and expert product team, its platform enables high-performancebrain-computer interface in everyday devices.
• Normal Computing — Normal Computing was founded by former members of the Google Brain Team, Palantir, and X who unlocked AI for some of the largest-scale and most mission-critical production systems, and the industry leading ML frameworks for Probabilistic and Quantum AI.

Portfolio highlights

• SilkChart — SilkChart helps growth teams improve campaigns based on what users are doing in product - without relying on expensive data scientists. We do this through a no code analytics tool that combines marketing and product usage data to identify which channels, audiences, and content maximize revenue growth.
• Trace — Trace is an orchestration engine that breaks down existing workflows, assigns repetitive tasks to AI agents and routes the rest to the right people.
• Augmend — Create documentation and an AI assistant from any video.

Portfolio highlights

• Replit — Replit is a simple yet powerful online IDE, Editor, Compiler, Interpreter, and REPL. Code, compile, run, and host in 50+ programming languages.
• Revalia Bio — Revalia Bio develops curative drugs for chronic organ-centered disease.
• Future Fields — Future Fields Cellular Agriculture: Serum-Free Growth Media Supplements and Recombinant Proteins - Optimized for the Future of Food.

Portfolio highlights

• Allara — Allara is your all-in-one virtual care team for hormonal, metabolic & gynecological conditions such as PCOS and Endometriosis.
• Systole Health — Join Systole Health and take control of your heart health. Our personalized group virtual care combines expert-led medical treatment with the power of community support.
• Parakeet Health — Parakeet Health is a AI contact center agent for healthcare practices.

Portfolio highlights

• Kinema — A social cinema platform for filmmakers and community builders
• Lava — The financial platform for bitcoin. Spend globally with Lava Card while earning bitcoin back, borrow against your bitcoin, earn on dollars, and more.
• Jupiter — Jupiter is a specialized manufacturer of hair, scalp care and dandruff products.

Portfolio highlights

• Moonlake AI — Vibe code games and worlds into existence.
• Belfort — Enabling Fully Homomorphic Encryption through Hardware Acceleration
• Periodic Labs — From bits to atoms.

Portfolio highlights

• Alex AI — Alex is the AI recruiter that puts sourcing, screening, and scheduling on autopilot. Fast-track vetting so you interview the best in days.
• TextQL — TextQL is you personal virtual data analyst, built for enterprise and powered by AI. Ask in natural english and Ana can build insightful analysis, stunning charts, and powerful models, all with enterprise-grade security.
• Raindrop — Monitor your AI Agent the right way. Get alerted when your agent fails in production, trace exactly what went wrong, and prove your fix worked.

Portfolio highlights

• Mason America, Inc. — Mason is the device innovation platform for product leaders who dare to deliver the next innovation in their field.
• Estate Media — Real Estate's Biggest Personalities Under one Roof
• Subquadratic — AI lab leading the subquadratic LLM revolution.

Portfolio highlights

• Darvis — Eliminate inventory gaps with AI-powered tracking and real-time healthcare supply visibility.
• Copilot — Start, run, and grow your business with a client portal that streamlines messaging, payments, file-sharing, help centers, custom app access, and more.
• Social Chat — Loup is an intelligent marketing platform that lets you turn your website into a personal shopping experience with interactive video.

Portfolio highlights

• tbh — tbh is a developer of a mobile application designed to provide anonymous feedback to friends. The company's mobile application facilitates asking or answering questions, open text fields and invite abuse when combined with anonymity, enabling users to say things without repercussions and feel better about themselves from the positive feedbackon social networks.
• Golden — Golden is a developer of a self-constructing knowledge database used to accelerate discovery and education. The company uses and leverages human effort by using machine intelligence to make the process of gathering and communicating knowledge simpler.It combines a powerful search across several entities with fine-grain alerts to stay on top ofchanges, and semi-automatic research assistance for gaps in knowledge that enable people in organizations to stay current, understand and leverage the latest trends in their industry.
• Crossing — Crossing Media is a live broadcast e-commerce service company that builds awareness, engagement, and sales through live-stream shopping.

Portfolio highlights

• Sorare — Global Fantasy Football. Collect limited edition digital collectibles, Manage your team and earn prizes!
• Hoth Intelligence — Hoth Intelligence home page. Space age surgical technology brought down to earth.
• Floating Point Group — Floating Point Group is a trading platform provider offering innovative, industry-leading trade execution and settlement

Portfolio highlights

• Marvin Health — Marvin is a mental health service for physicians. We're ending the one-size-fits-all approach to teletherapy, helping you to set a teletherapy action plan.
• Marley Medical — Our board-certified physicians create your custom care plan, while nurses, pharmacists and health coaches check in and cheer you on to your good-health goals.
• Veracity — Veracity creates a personal skincare experience based on real data about your hormones and biofactors through our Skin + Health test.

Portfolio highlights

• Ambience Healthcare — Experience what it feels like to never have to type or dictate another note again.
• Tonic — From your home, to the world. Sign up now to take lessons from the best musicians in the world.
• General Proximity — The next generation of induced-proximity medicines. We're here to put a dent in the universe.

Portfolio highlights

• Convex — All gas, no breakages. Convex is the reactive backend platform that keeps up with you and your agents.
• FLORA — FLORA is an applied AI HCI company building creative tools.
• Samepage — Building your second brain for product leaders

Portfolio highlights

• Key AI — Unlock new networking and career opportunities with Key, the leading AI-powered professional networking platform. Build and manage communities, host and join exclusive events, and create meaningful connections to supercharge your growth all in one place.
• Catena Labs — Catena is a product studio where we transform complex computing advancements into accessible, practical tools for users and developers. Leveraging AI and web3 technology our aim is to turn innovative ideas into real-world applications that are easy to use.
• Odyssey — Odyssey is an AI lab pioneering general world models: causal, multimodal systems that learn to understand and simulate the world.

Portfolio highlights

• QuantumCyte — The only workflow that precisely extracts at scale targets identified by digital pathology for sequencing.
• Minerva — Get things done faster with simple how-to guides for whatever you want to do online. Created by our community of experts, follow or make your own guide today!
• VIZI Healthcare — VIZI is a technology-enabled system of care providing clinical, operational, and financial integration to delegated risk providers focused on enhancing medical home performance under alternative payment models. VIZI combines cloud-based technologies with remote and in-market clinical services to effectively deliver community based care underfinancial partnership models.

Portfolio highlights

• Bryn Pharma — Bryn Pharma is a pharmaceutical company that offers nasal-based epinephrine for anaphylaxis. Its bi-dose intranasal device is an alternative to epinephrine auto-injectors and is needle-free. It is easy to use and portable enabling patients to treat allergic reactions or anaphylactic reactions.
• Beckley Psytech — Our mission is to help people suffering from neurological and psychiatric conditions by developing our pipeline of psychedelic compounds.
• MycoMedica Life Sciences, PBC — Psychedelic Medicines

Portfolio highlights

• Habito — We're the Treating Customers Fairly Champion of 2023 as voted for in the British Bank Awards. We're here to make mortgages easier - no paperwork, no stress and no fees.
• Lassie — AI that runs the doctor's office.
• Lightyear — Lightyear is a simple and approachable way to invest your money globally without unnecessary barriers and fees.

Portfolio highlights

• Emailage — Emailage is a developer of fraud prevention and identity verification technology used to make transactions easier and secure. The company provides multi-faceted predictive solutions with email at the core through key partnerships, proprietary data, and advanced machine-learning technology. It proprietary algorithms in order to provide real-timealerts of risky transactions and delivers a risk score and enable companies to realize significant savings from identifying and stopping fraudulent transactions and improve customer experience.
• Ceevra — Ceevra is an advanced 3D visualization technology for surgeons. Using AI and other innovative computing techniques, Ceevra generates brilliant 3D digital models from standard CT scans and MRIs. Surgeons use the Ceevra 3D models to help educate and counsel patients, to decide on the best surgical approach, and to gain important insights whileoperating.
• TigerGraph — TigerGraph is the leading graph database for real-time AI and analytics. Detect fraud, resolve entities, and uncover hidden connections at enterprise scale.

Portfolio highlights

• Barndoor AI — Barndoor AI offers a centralized governance layer to manage granular access, policy enforcement, and visibility across agentic AI workforce.
• Artemis — Powered by AI, Mona Lee is the fastest, most efficient way for homeowners to go solar. Through a direct-to-consumer approach, Mona Lee’s AI-powered self-serve platform transforms the solar buying experience by eliminating non-stop solicitation calls, lengthy design and evaluation processes, and back-and-forth price negotiations that can take up toweeks. With Mona Lee, customers go from quote to scheduling their installation in minutes. Feel free to visit our website to read customer testimonials and Mona Lee solar reviews.Mona Lee was founded by a group of serial entrepreneurs with decades of experience in clean energy. The company is headquartered in Boston, MA and is proud to serve homeowners nationwide.
• Together AI — Together will enable researchers, developers & companies to leverage and improve artificial intelligence with an intuitive data, models & computation platform.

Portfolio highlights

• Twined — Have you ever spent hours trying to find that perfect product? Ever sifted through online reviews feeling like many of them were fake or written by people who weren't anything like you? These are the things that keep us up at night!Twined helps you easily discover unbiased product reviews and recommendations from real people that you canactually trust. We handpick our Tastemakers from around the web based on their knowledge and integrity.
• Vascular Genesis — A medical device company laying the foundation for vascular conduit replacement with its line of cell-free, synthetic scaffold products -- with self-healing capabilities that lower the risk of rejection, infection, and stenosis. Funding prior to formation: $2.5 million.
• Atreon Orthopedics — A medical device company building a line of orthopedic products that provide a structure for tissue growth and healing of sports medicine injuries including tendon ruptures/tears.

Portfolio highlights

• Taranis — Taranis offers cutting-edge crop & farm management software for precision agriculture. Increase efficiency and yield. Learn more now.
• Imagene AI — Imagene AI is a pioneer in multimodal foundation models for precision medicine, advancing translational research and clinical development. We make every trial more responsive, every insight more actionable, and every patient journey more personalized.
• MSICS Pharma — MSICS Pharma is a pharmaceutical company that manufactures and produce naturally-sourced Psilocybin for medical purpose.

Portfolio highlights

• Aria CV — Learn about Aria CV's novel implantable medical device designed to treat pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our elegant device has no battery, pump, or electronics.
• Madorra — Madorra Their goal is empowering women to live fuller, healthier lives. Madorra is working towards changing the paradigm for treating vaginal dryness, by providing a medical device solution to a problem that has previously only been served by pharmaceuticals. They are focused on giving post-menopausal women and breast cancer survivors the power tochoose the non-hormonal treatment option they want.
• Siren Care — Siren Socks help reduce the risk of foot ulcers for patients with diabetes through the early detection of potential injuries.

Portfolio highlights

• Brain Co. — AI platform and applications for the world's most important institutions
• NavigateAI — An AI copilot for every person in the field. NavigateAI upskills and coaches your team, runs real-time quality control, manages the project in the background, and provides expert knowledge, instantly.
• Preventive — Preventive mission is to determine whether the newest generation of gene editing technologies can be used safely and responsibly to correct devastating genetic conditions for future children.

Portfolio highlights

• Medmo — Medmo is an all-encompassing solution for providers to order, schedule, and track medical imaging appointments for their patients. Improve completion rates with less staff burden and lower costs.
• Mevo — Mevo is a healthcare platform that makes people's life simpler by providing everything from a digital prescription with an online purchase option for medicines to be delivered to their homes. Mevo is headquartered in São Paulo, Brazil and was founded in 2017.
• Commons Clinic — Commons Clinic is a group of world class orthopedic surgeons in Los Angeles, CA. Our orthopedic specialists provide expert care from start to finish.

Portfolio highlights

• Nada — Finance, Invest and Bank your real estate.
• DigiBuild — Automate your construction supply chain with AI.
• Upright — Meet Upright, the good for you go-to. Our first product is a category-defining high-protein, allergen-free Instant Oatmilk in three creamy, delicious flavors: original, vanilla, and chocolate. Each tasty cup of our oatmilk packs the same key nutrients as dairy, without the unwanted allergens or environmental impact.

Portfolio highlights

• June.ai — Discover June, a digital communication hub that replaces your email experience. June creates a new world for your existing email that gives you more control, interactivity and efficiency.
• Panthalassa — We're harnessing renewable energy in the open ocean and delivering it around the world. Engineered in Portland, Oregon.
• Enclave — Enclave is a cybersecurity startup that builds an AI‑native code‑security agent for software development and DevSecOps teams. It analyzes entire codebases to triage scanner noise and surface only the vulnerabilities that truly matter, using cross‑file taint analysis and trust‑boundary mapping. The platform helps engineering teams ship code fasterwhile reducing the risk of exploitable security issues in production. Enclave primarily targets software companies and enterprises that prioritize secure, high‑velocity development.

Portfolio highlights

• Praan — Praan builds the world's most advanced air purification technologies for commercial and industrial applications.
• Prevently — Prevently is a website that provides consumers with physician-reviewed health articles, physician-approved health products, health apps, and telemedicine consultations. These services centralize around an online patient profile that integrates data utilizing APIs from multiple personal health tracking devices.

Portfolio highlights

• Unito — Unito is taking on a major problem that people are passionate about solving: they make it easier to collaborate across teams. They don't make users learn new tools and change the way they work. By connecting work management tools, they allow managers, cross-functional teams, departments, and entire companies to benefit from seamlesscollaboration and improved communication. The app syncs projects across a number of tools like Trello, Asana, JIRA, GitHub, Wrike, Zendesk & Hubspot. This is a hard problem of semantics, synchronization, and APIs.
• Delphia — Delphia puts your data to work for you.
• North One — NorthOne is an online Business Account with built-in features to make business banking fast and easy. No overdraft fees. No minimum balance. No hidden fees.

Portfolio highlights

• Turing — Turing.com connects world-class remote software engineers with world-class companies. 200+ companies, including those backed by Google Ventures, Andreessen, Founders Fund, Kleiner, and Bloomberg, have hired Turing developers. Over 1M+ developers from across 150+ countries have chosen Turing as their preferred platform for landing remote jobs.
• Cardenxe Sotol — Artisanal Small Batch 100% Sotol Spirit Cardenxe Sotol is a terroir-inspired premium craft spirit, distilled from the heart of the Dasylirion plant, in North of Mexico - where it holds a Denomination of Origin. Every label (Desierto and Sierra) honors a different environment in which the plants used to distill grew.
• Terraformation — Terraformation creates partnerships to scale reforestation with hardware, software, and knowledge based solutions.

Portfolio highlights

• Tile — Tile Bluetooth trackers help you find your keys, wallet, phone and everything that matters. Join the world's largest lost and found community and never lose anything again.
• Yelp Reservations — Yelp's restaurant technology combines a network of 95 million monthly diners with tools to attract eyeballs and seat diners more efficiently.
• Vaunte — Vaunte is your Fashion, Beauty, Health & Fitness website. We provide you with the latest news and tips straight from the world.

Portfolio highlights

• Bland AI — Transform your enterprise communication with Bland AI. Automate inbound and outbound phone calls using AI that sounds human. Perfect for sales, customer support, and operations with customizable voices and seamless integrations.
• CoPilot — CoPilot is pioneering Assisted Commerce for big-ticket purchases – starting with cars. You are the one spending the money - shouldn't you have an expert on your side? We founded CoPilot to make that a reality. For the average car buyer, who is not a car expert or enthusiast, car shopping can be a time consuming, frustrating process that leavespeople feeling alone and disadvantaged. CoPilot is changing this dynamic. Like a trusted friend who is knowledgeable about cars, knows where to look and what to buy, CoPilot provides car shoppers with an expert partner who empowers them to discover the perfect car at the best possible price with ease and confidence.
• Black Ore Technologies — Black Ore's Tax Autopilot is the first AI tax platform for CPAs, offering complete 1040 tax preparation automation to tax professionals, so they can focus on growing their firm.

Portfolio highlights

• Encellin — Encellin develops a novel thin-film cell encapsulation device for cell-based therapeutics. It has dedicated experts focused on the investigation and advancement of next-generation therapies. It aims to help patients with chronic diseases, starting with Type 1 diabetes. It was founded in 2016 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California.
• Ochre Bio — Ochre Bio is developing therapies for the biggest liver health challenges.
• Arpeggio Bio — We engineer medicine based not on a single target, but the biological network as a whole.

Portfolio highlights

• SiPhox Health — Painless, 5-minute biomarker testing at home. Clear insights, trend tracking, and a personalized plan built around your results.
• BuildForever — BuildForever build products that feel personal, magical and deeply human.
• Perplexity — Perplexity is a search engine platform that uses artificial intelligence to provide large language models and search engines. The company's platform enables the development of beneficial artificial general intelligence, as well as an open-source environment that is accessible to the public, allowing clients to develop skills and knowledge inartificial intelligence.

Portfolio highlights

• Cinch — Cinch helps multi-location B2C brands turn customer data into action. Automate personalized marketing to boost retention, frequency & growth.
• Peerlogic — Peerlogic is the first conversational intelligence platform built for dental offices. The analytics platform provides detailed conversational insights between the practice and the patient. Conversational analytics, also known as call analytics, is the process of analyzing data points captured from human speech. It helps to identify trends,predict revenue outcomes, and provide best practices. The result is actionable intelligence that improves the dental practice’s bottom line. Conversational analytics can be used to adjust business strategy. Data provides the "why" behind what's working, what's not. By understanding the "why" practice owners are empowered with data-driven information that can be used to adjust business goals, objectives and tactics.
• SimpleCitizen — SimpleCitizen is dedicated to innovating immigration. By creating tools that make the immigration process more easy, affordable and online they are helping families establish themselves in new communities around the world. Since their founding in 2014, they continue to work at becoming your trusted partner in immigration.

Portfolio highlights

• Cue — Cue (formerly Greplin) is a free service that helps people make the most of their day. Cue intelligently ties together and surfaces useful information at the right time from the accounts they use most, including email, contacts, and calendar. People can see their entire day at a glance or simultaneously search across all of their accounts with Cue.
• Forward — Forward is revolutionary primary care focused on your long-term health, with top-rated doctors supported by technology.
• Blueprint Bryan Johnson — On the surface, Blueprint may seem something about health, wellness and aging. It's really a system to make tomorrow better for you, me, the planet and our shared future with AI.

Portfolio highlights

• Elpha — Elpha is where women succeed at work together. Become a member to access daily conversations with experts, insider job opportunities, and a lot of women talking candidly about work and life. Plus membership is free!
• Tesseral — Okapi facilitates the storing, updating, and retrieval of customer data for businesses using CRM (customer relationship management) software.
• Hype and Vice — Hype and Vice combines on-trend fashion with University brands to create officially licensed college apparel women! Cool college apparel to wear for tailgates and gamedays or to lounge around your dorm.

Portfolio highlights

• Tako — Tako is an AI search engine that embed intelligence.
• Assort Health — Our call center generative AI reduces hold time, decreases dropped calls, and contains costs while driving appointment revenue.
• Maxima AI — The first agentic AI platform for enterprise accounting

Portfolio highlights

• SkillBank — Build your capital. With SkillBank, you will learn everything you need to know to land a marketing job in 15 weeks. You only pay us when you get paid.
• SkillBank — SkillBank is a 1:1 mentorship and training program for entry-level marketing roles. We believe that no one should be prevented from chasing their dreams due to a lack of opportunity or experience. Our mission is to provide that opportunity to those who are willing to challenge themselves to grow, learn, and lead. We know the importance of gainingskills in the specific industry you care about, which is why we offer a specialized course instead of a one size fits all approach.
• Quadrant Eye — QE is breaking new ground in online eyecare.

Portfolio highlights

• Objection — Objection.ai is a new AI‑driven platform positioned as an “AI judge” for contested claims in journalism and public‑sphere reporting.
• Panthalassa — We're harnessing renewable energy in the open ocean and delivering it around the world. Engineered in Portland, Oregon.
• Reserve — Reserve is a universal currency company. Reserve provides people with hyperinflation protected savings accounts to protect and use their money globally. They offer rtokens, collateral baskets, and over collateralization.

Portfolio highlights

• BRIGHT — BRIGHT is a Techstars Future of Longevity Accelerator portfolio company that designs wellness products, platforms and experiences based on cutting-edge scientific research. Flagship product, BEACON40®, is a noninvasive device stimulating the brain's activity and rejuvenating healthy brain function with 40Hz light.

Portfolio highlights

• Tovala — No need to shop, prep, cook, or clean.
• Pippin Title — Discover Pippin Title's technology to deliver fast, accurate, thorough nationwide commercial & residential title search reports in the USA.
• Grove Biopharma — Grove is pioneering Bionic Biologics, a breakthrough synthetic drug modality that can penetrate cells and reach protein-protein interactions that drive disease.