Top 50 Transportation Angel Investors in Oceania (October 2026)

Portfolio highlights

• Halter — Halter provides GPS-enabled collars and software that help farmers monitor and control cattle movement. Its system uses virtual fencing to guide animals without physical barriers, allowing users to manage grazing patterns and land use through a mobile interface. The platform collects data on animal location, behavior, and health indicators,supporting day-to-day farm operations and decision-making. Halter also enables remote shifting of herds, reducing the need for manual labor in moving livestock. Its services are used in agricultural settings to improve pasture utilization and streamline herd management processes.
• Partly — Auto parts distributors, manufacturers, dismantlers, marketplaces and software providers use Partly's software and API to add fitment and manage parts online.
• Dotterel Technologies — Dotterel develops noise reduction and audio recording technology for UAVs. Our Aerial Audio Microphone is a payload for UAVs and is a unique world first capability. Throughout the development we have worked closely with customers to deliver for high value use cases in Emergency Services, Defence and TV/Film. Hearing audio from your UAV provides an important addition to the video. Now you can have live conversations one-to-one and one-to-many with people remotely via the UAV when there is no other communication methods available. We look forward to working with our customers and partners to deliver a new range of UAV solutions.

Portfolio highlights

• CalcTree — CalcTree brings engineering teams, designs and calculations together. In traditional engineering design and construction, projects all begin with a design process. Architects, civil, mechanical, electrical and geotechnical engineers, as well as contractors and builders all work together to design structures down to the last bolt before a shoveleven touches the ground. This process is slow, expensive and a complete mess both literally and digitally. It’s rife with data fragmentation and complexity, and CalcTree is solving that.Learn about CalcTree's mission, backstory and current investors here: https://www.calctree.com/about
• Paytron — Power every business transaction from one platform. Accounts payables, international transfers & payroll made easy w/approval workflows. Signup now.
• One Key Access — One Key Access is a platform that provides users with universal access control to physical locations. One Key Access is currently providing couriers with universal access to buildings.

Portfolio highlights

• Bridj — BRIDJ's powerful tools streamline the planning, scheduling & operation of bus & fleet transport. Work with BRIDJ to simplify your operations making them more time & cost efficient
• ezCater — EzCater is an online catering marketplace that allows individuals to order food from local caterers. Co-founded by Briscoe Rodgers and Stefania Mallett in August 2007, ezCater is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.

Portfolio highlights

• GoCatch — Created in 2011 by two tech savvy entrepreneurs, goCatch has grown to become a multi-award winning free smartphone application that connects passengers directly with taxi drivers allowing customers to book a cab with certainty every time.Co-founded by Andrew Campbell and Ned Moorfield, the goCatch app has been supported by the NSW Department ofTrade and Investment. goCatch has also formed partnerships and alliances with several prominent blue chip companies including Google, Microsoft, Nokia, PayPal and RIM. Australians have embraced goCatch with tens of thousands of drivers and passengers nationwide downloading the convenient booking service. goCatch is now one of the fastest growing apps in the country and is the clear market leader in the taxi sector.
• Travelshoot — Your holidays are really important to us to create good memories and we are offering Worldwide Photographer Services. Get the best vacation photographer NYC & across the globe. Visit us now!
• Car Next Door — Hire a car, van or ute from our community of local car owners, or rent out your car and make extra money. Peer-to-peer car share in Sydney, Melbourne, Newcastle.

Portfolio highlights

• Pilgrim — Pioneering a biologically enhanced future for humanity.
• Solcoa Industries — Solcoa Industries develops carbon-zero rare earth metals for critical supply chain needs and promote sustainable industrial practices
• Neros Technologies — Neros is vertically integrating production of unmanned defense systems in the United States, securing the autonomous supply chain. Are you with us?

Portfolio highlights

• Parkable — Car park management software that runs staff, tenant and visitor parking for you - from a single workplace to an entire property portfolio.

Portfolio highlights

• Dapps — Join Dapps to discover and engage with digital communities that match your passions. Buy shares, and connect with like-minded individuals in a secure, decentralized platform that puts you in control.
• Deep DAO — Discovery, listing and analytics for all DAOs
• Cartesian Co — Cartesian Co is a New York-based technology startup that creates the world's first desktop electronics printer, the Argentum.

Portfolio highlights

• Nutromics — Nutromics is a MedTech company revolutionising healthcare through continuous real time molecular monitoring. Our Smart Patch biosensor platform will solve some of the biggest healthcare challenges we face today in the fields of chronic disease prevention, chronic disease management, acute diseases and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.
• ZipLocker — ZipLocker offers gear for champions, on and off the basketball court. ZipLocker loves to create high-quality products, that help rep your team. It was founded in 2022.
• LYRO Robotics — Discover how LYRO machine intelligence enhances robotic automation for precision in industrial environments. Our innovative software enables rapid implementation and intelligent vision capabilities for superior object handling and control.

Portfolio highlights

• Cloobot Inc — Cloobot X: Your Premier Software Implementation transforms your vision into reality with our state-of-the-art software implementation studio. Leveraging cutting-edge AI technology, our expert team delivers rapid, efficient, and innovative solutions tailored to your unique business needs.
• Tokenise — Tokenise acts as a data layer for web3 projects and their tokens. We help founders build their tokens simply, mint/launch their tokens on-chain and then manage their tokens in one place. Tokenise enables founders to curate rich data rooms that make it easier for investors to get onboard. We empower community with unprecedented insights andaccessibility into their favourite projects and their tokens.
• Bloodstock Advantage — Stealth

Portfolio highlights

• Parkable — Car park management software that runs staff, tenant and visitor parking for you - from a single workplace to an entire property portfolio.

Portfolio highlights

• Mad Paws — Mad Paws is a Sydney-based start up that was created to fill in the ever growing need in the pet boarding market for affordable, and local pet accommodation while still maintaining the care, love, and attention pets received at high-end, expensive, pet boarding services.
• Sherpa — Sherpa is a last-mile courier marketplace. They offers delivery and driver management software as a service platform. Their services help businesses manage their fleets and access the inventory from other fleets, including sharing their own. This creates a last mile solution for businesses, overall disrupting the principle of owning the driver.
• YourGrocer — YourGrocer operates an online fresh food market for busy people. It offers fresh produce, bakery, meat, seafood, deli and grocery, organic, and coffee products. The company was founded in 2013 and is based in Brunswick East, Australia.

Portfolio highlights

• Tpaga — Tpaga is a mobile wallet for unbanked consumers in Latin America. Currently in Colombia and Mexico.In Latin America, more than 50% do not have credit cards or bank accounts, but what they do have is a cellphone. Tpaga allows consumers to store money via cash kiosk ( 4,000 in our network) and then use it to pay utility bills, cell phone top-up,supermarket and even gas station merchants. We have become the first mobile wallet in Latin America to allow consumers to pay groceries without having a bank account, and allowing unbanked commerces to start receiving payment without have POS systems.
• Fiable — Embed financial health insights within your application using our world leading API service
• Bloodstock Advantage — Stealth

Portfolio highlights

• Shippit — Shippit is the multi-carrier shipping software helping you become the store every customer loves. Powering delivery for thousands of Australian sellers, stop dreading fulfilment and knock it out in minutes. Try it free today.

Portfolio highlights

• Edoome — The most friendly and easy to use social learning management system that connects teachers with their students for effective communication and collaboration and provides tools to help teachers save time in planning, assessing and keeping track of their students’ progress, unifying everything in just one platform.
• Temando — Temando was born down in Australia where fulfillment and delivery have always been very complex due to highly fragmented delivery infrastructure. It’s because of this challenging environment that Temando was launched in 2009 and to date serves many of APAC’s leading retailers including Toy’s R Us, Nike and ASOS. On the back of significant tractionin Australia, Temando has expanded into key global markets - United States, United Kingdom, Europe and Asia Pacific.Temando’s fulfillment platform solves the challenges of shipping in commerce by connecting with today’s leading business systems to give retailers the tools they need to optimize the multi-carrier fulfillment process. Temando’s technology unifies available inventory, carrier service selection, shipping costs and consumer locations to create efficiency savings that maintain product margin and provide total visibility for retailers. Temando enriches this intelligence to create powerful shipping experiences focused on delivery choice and simplicity to increase conversion rates at the point of sale - whether that be online or offline – retailers can provide the same brand experience at every touch point.
• Creatively Squared — Digital content that brings consumers closer to brands. Create engaging photos, videos and digital ads at scale

Portfolio highlights

• Heliex — Heliex is a cloud based platform that manipulates big data and prescribes the best course of action to optimize business outcomes. Heliex are integrated cloud (SAAS) intelligence platforms that recommend the best course of action on future events to optimise outcomes or profits.

Portfolio highlights

• Refilled — Refilled is an eco-friendly company that offers smart drink dispenser vending machines to eliminate single-use plastic bottles.
• YourGrocer — YourGrocer operates an online fresh food market for busy people. It offers fresh produce, bakery, meat, seafood, deli and grocery, organic, and coffee products. The company was founded in 2013 and is based in Brunswick East, Australia.
• Bloom Impact Investing — Bloom Impact Investing provides an investment platform to investors wanting to make a difference to the environment. Join us to access clean energy and cleantech investment portfolios that your future self will thank you for.

Portfolio highlights

• Parkable — Car park management software that runs staff, tenant and visitor parking for you - from a single workplace to an entire property portfolio.
• Sterling — Sterling operates an artificial intelligence platform designed to automate back-office operations for financial and accounting teams. The software deploys deterministic AI agents that execute repetitive tasks like accounts payable, accounts receivable, compliance checks, and bank reconciliations directly inside existing enterprise applications. Byfunctioning as a background virtual assistant, its value proposition centers on eliminating administrative bottlenecks while maintaining strict human-in-the-loop oversight and enterprise-grade audit standards.
• Huckleberry — Build your professional reputation with AI-powered 360 feedback from colleagues. Huckleberry helps people develop their career and businesses to develop their teams.

Portfolio highlights

• Zoom2u — Zoom2u is a Delivery platform that connects you with a community of couriers across Australia. Deliver from Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and more.
• YourGrocer — YourGrocer operates an online fresh food market for busy people. It offers fresh produce, bakery, meat, seafood, deli and grocery, organic, and coffee products. The company was founded in 2013 and is based in Brunswick East, Australia.

Portfolio highlights

• Axiflux — Axiflux® is the creator of the Adaptive Magnetic Flux Array™ (AMFA™), the world’s first modular, real-time, software-reconfigurable electric motor and generator. Relative to a traditional electrical motor, the innovative configuration and control of the AMFA™ yields significant size, weight and price reductions, while increasing power output,efficiency and reliability.
• upflowy — Build and AB test your lead and signup flow faster than ever with our no-code engine.
• Zabidou — Zabidou develops laser-based sensing systems that give machines real-time perception to separate materials and improve sorting efficiency.

Portfolio highlights

• Ocycle — Ocycle is an electric bike and scooter rental company which mainly focuses on delivery riders.

Portfolio highlights

• Refilled — Refilled is an eco-friendly company that offers smart drink dispenser vending machines to eliminate single-use plastic bottles.
• Trace — trace helps individuals and businesses go carbon neutral - measure (for free), reduce & offset your carbon footprint. Track your impact across our handpicked project portfolio including biodiversity in Australia.
• Bloom Impact Investing — Bloom Impact Investing provides an investment platform to investors wanting to make a difference to the environment. Join us to access clean energy and cleantech investment portfolios that your future self will thank you for.

Portfolio highlights

• Ambrook — Ambrook offers specialized accounting software for family-run farms, ranches, and agribusinesses. The platform includes bookkeeping, invoicing, bill payment, and analytics tools. Ambrook aims to help these businesses manage finances, track profitability, and prepare for the future.
• Maxed — Maxed is the AI-native platform that runs your entire CPA firm. One platform replaces your disconnected tools, and a team of AI agents automates the manual work, so you serve more clients and protect your margin without growing the team. It works inside your email, and every client-facing output stays behind a CPA approval gate.
• Wafer — Wafer is an AI optimization platform that automatically accelerates AI models by generating efficient custom GPU kernels.

Portfolio highlights

• Spacelli — Spacelli is a self-storage marketplace for individuals to store goods and items. The company do this by using non-traditional spaces that makes spaces accessible and affordable storage for everyone. It connects people looking for spaces with locals who rent out their unused space. The company through their insurance partners have policies in placeto protect their users and their goods for the entire storage period including in-transit. The platform offers its users with access to professional organizers that assists them with decluttering their space. The company is designed for renovators, business owners, leisure travelers, interior designers, and students. The technology partners of the company are amazon web services, zendesk, nexmo, and Trustwave.Spacelli is an Australia-based company that was founded in 2014 by Geoff Stooke.
• Expert360 — Hire elite consultants, project managers, data analysts, designers, and developers for your most important local & remote work
• StorReduce — The Pure Storage Platform provides always-on data protection solutions for a scalable, resilient architecture for backup and recovery to ensure rapid disaster and ransomware recovery.

Portfolio highlights

• Whizz — Whizz makes managing your household easy! Book online or through the APP. Whizz has over 2,500 professional service providers ready. Book today.
• Zoom2u — Zoom2u is a Delivery platform that connects you with a community of couriers across Australia. Deliver from Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and more.
• TRAVLR — TRAVLR is a revolutionary white label technology provider that consolidates the global travel industry into one seamless platform via its unique ‘Travel as a Service’ model.The company licences its full service travel platform to the world’s leading media companies, enabling their audiences to discover, plan and book curated, once-in-a-life-timetravel experiences.In turn, media companies are able to retain audiences within their ecosystem for longer, optimising for conversion by providing customers a seamless path from content through to real world experience.This unique ‘win-win-win model’ benefits all key stakeholders including consumers, media companies and the travel industry, who have traditionally experienced a fragmented travel booking journey across multiple platforms and providers.TRAVLR was founded in 2017 by Bali Bible founder Simon te Hennepe and has strategically located offices in Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland and Denpasar. Its partners include Network 10, MTV, Bali Bible and Stuff.co.nz.

Portfolio highlights

• Pathzero — Pathzero's carbon management platform enables any business to start disclosing corporate carbon emissions and the actions being taken to address them.

Portfolio highlights

• Pathzero — Pathzero's carbon management platform enables any business to start disclosing corporate carbon emissions and the actions being taken to address them.
• Amber Electric — Join the smart energy revolution. Amber Electric is a new way to buy electricity. Unlike traditional retailers, we pass through the real-time wholesale price, helping you save money and use more renewable power.

Portfolio highlights

• Bridj — BRIDJ's powerful tools streamline the planning, scheduling & operation of bus & fleet transport. Work with BRIDJ to simplify your operations making them more time & cost efficient
• Belong — Renting is the new American lifestyle. We didn't create it. But we're making it sing.

Portfolio highlights

• Vyro — Browse, compare and finance an electric car, with instant trade in and personalised loans.
• Nullify — Nullify performs product security tasks alongside your developers.
• iNSPIRETEK — More Than (Just) An Athlete Management System We go further by empowering young athletes, coaches, parents, teams and sporting organisations to gain insight into mental health and wellbeing through tracking, evidence-based content, support and interventions through our Prevention-via-Prediction platform. Our accessible and affordable WMS focuses on the whole athlete, not just their

Portfolio highlights

• ExpectAI — The profitable decarbonisation management platform for enterprise organisations.
• Liftango — At Liftango we guide global organisations on how to plan, launch and scale their shared mobility programs. Our mobility suite of services offer simulation, carpooling, on-demand bus and smart shuttle tracking services.

Portfolio highlights

• Drive Yello — Looking for fast & express courier & logistics delivery services? Drive Yello is your last mile delivery partner serving Brisbane, Sydney & Melbourne.

Portfolio highlights

• Agronomeye — Agronomeye uses the power of 3D farm modelling to transform your decision-making process.
• Sumday — Non - financial accounting software. Start carbon accounting, properly, with the support of your existing advisors
• Marlee (Fingerprint For Success) — AI technology to bring out the best in your team. Start now for free. Trust in more than 1 million coaching minutes, rated 4.4 out of 5 with a 90% success rate.

Portfolio highlights

• Good Car Company — We provide high-quality and affordable electric cars and vans across Australia to assist in an equitable transition to low emissions transport.
• Marlee (Fingerprint For Success) — AI technology to bring out the best in your team. Start now for free. Trust in more than 1 million coaching minutes, rated 4.4 out of 5 with a 90% success rate.

Portfolio highlights

• Higharc — Higharc is the all-in-one web platform that simplifies, connects, and improves each step of design, construction, and sales for home building. It enables builders to design, sell in 3D, and get permit-ready construction documents — all in a single platform. Higharc is on a mission to help builders create better homes and communities, moreaffordably.
• Toolpath — Toolpath accelerates the production of precision CNC machined components with AI-powered part analysis, machining strategies, and CAM automation.
• Infinitform Inc — InfinitForm is at the forefront of creating GenAI software. This business specializes in transformative software that automates the design-to-manufacturing process, integrating seamlessly with multiple manufacturing methods to improve cost, speed, efficiency, and performance.

Portfolio highlights

• Flippa — Buy & Sell Online Businesses on the Flippa marketplace.
• Influx — Hire 24/7 teams to clear the inbox as you need it. We match your brand voice exactly with all management, training included.
• Chuffed.org — Chuffed is a crowdfunding platform for socially-conscious projects. We support individuals, not-for-profits, social enterprises and community groups to run awesome crowdfunding campaigns, all 100% free.

Portfolio highlights

• Vyro — Browse, compare and finance an electric car, with instant trade in and personalised loans.
• Minke — Send, save and invest crypto with zero fees and an experience as intutive as your bank.
• Cor — Obi by Cor is the leading voice AI agent for customer onboarding and user activation. It uses voice and on-screen awareness to guide users, share best practices, and answer questions in real time.

Portfolio highlights

• Adatree — Adatree helps organisations unleash the potential of Open Banking and the CDR through turnkey Data Recipient and Data Holder solutions.
• Tint Paint — Tint Paint manufactures decorative paints for a wide range of colors for commercial and residential uses.
• Varicon — Varicon was co-developed with the civil construction industry to overcome the major cost management issues for construction site. Request a demo software!

Portfolio highlights

• Binary Beer — Revolutionising the draught beer industry with smart keg technology, real-time tracking, & actionable insights to drive informed decisions.
• Binary Tech — Binary Tech develops an end-to-end operating system for Massive IoT, encompassing device manufacture, firmware, cloud algorithms, and APIs. Our solution facilitates swift deployment for telcos and systems integrators, offering a proof environment for enterprises to conduct POCs. Our stack can be white-labelled, and we also apply it through our own sub-brands, enabling us to enhance the technology continually as we expand.

Portfolio highlights

• Bae Juice — 100% Korean pear juice
• Green Li-ion — Green Li-ion is a deep clean technology that solves the existential risk to the precious metals industry and the environment. Its patented deep technology is Cleaner, Faster, and 4x more profitable than current Lithium-Ion Battery recycling and the only technology to fully Rejuvenate the battery cathode. It was founded in 2020 and is based inSingapore.
• CarExpert.com.au — Australia's most reputable and independent motoring experts bring you the latest car reviews, comparisons, news and auto content.

Portfolio highlights

• Zubale — Zubale is the critical infrastructure that enables retailers to win in e-commerce. Through our gig workers marketplace and technical integrations we power our clients entire back end e-commerce operations delivering the best fill-rates, on-times and NPS. In the last year, Zubale has completed over 3 million jobs across 90 cities and 16,800 stores.We operate in Mexico, Colombia and Costa Rica and are scaling across Latin America. The Co-Founders Allison Campbell and Sebastian Monroy met during their Harvard MBA and are retail insiders with deep expertise at Walmart and P&G in Latin America, Africa, India and China.
• Truepic — Discover Truepic's enterprise-grade solutions for digital media authenticity and secure virtual inspections. Ensure transparency, reduce fraud, and streamline operations with C2PA-compliant media and tamper-proof virtual inspections. Learn how Truepic empowers businesses across industries to build trust in a digital-first world.
• pop.in — Smiletime, Inc. powers pop.in, an app for spontaneous, ephemeral live connection. On pop.in, civility and inclusivity are the bedrock of dynamic conversations, which are hosted in an environment that allows for discussions to be as multifaceted as the people having them. An unlimited number of people can join pop.ins and use video, audio, text andimages to have nuanced dialogue. A pop.in only lasts as long as people are in them, so by their definition, pop.ins are never empty and never lonely. And with the ability to create "ground rules" that are unique to every pop.in, hosts are empowered to be deliberate in setting a tenor and intention for their conversations from the get-go. Smiletime, Inc. believes technology can and should enable honest dialogue and empathetic connection, and that's what they've created with pop.in.Smiletime, Inc. was founded by Alex Kruglov, Sharon Chang, and Jace Hall in 2014, and is located in Los Angeles, California.

Portfolio highlights

• Tiggy — 15 minute grocery delivery on a mission to forever change the way we buy everyday essentials. Now live in Vancouver
• Lumaly — Lumaly is a browser extension that automatically tries out and uses all available voucher codes in the cart when shopping online.
• June Homes — June Homes is a network of fully furnished bedrooms in prime spots available on flexible month-to-month terms in major American cities.

Portfolio highlights

• Minke — Send, save and invest crypto with zero fees and an experience as intutive as your bank.
• Pushas — Buy & Sell Authentic, Brand-New Sneakers From Australia's Favourite Sneaker Store. Widest selection of hype, exclusive sneakers: Air Jordans, Yeezys, Nike, Adidas, Off-Whites & more. AfterPay, Klarna, ZipPay & Laybuy available. 'Authenticity' guarantee on every sneaker purchase or your money back.
• Vouch — Vouch allows you to collect, edit & share authentic videos with a single link. Capture customer video testimonials, employee feedback, win-loss reports & more.

Portfolio highlights

• Foundry Lab — Foundry Lab is pioneering Digital Metal Casting. This new form of additive manufacturing allows users to cast metal parts - without pouring molten metal - in the safety of their own office. This fully automated system is incredibly fast - CAD file to 50+ metal parts in just 8 hours.

Portfolio highlights

• Albiware — Award-winning platform loved by our customers and trusted by 1000s of restorers Worldwide. See how our restorers scale their business.
• APFusion — APFusion is a B2B automotive marketplace helping salvage yards increase sales.
• Albert Invent — 1000’s of scientists, technicians, and engineers across 30+ countries rely on Albert’s end-to-end Cloud Platform to accelerate the innovation of new materials. With Albert, R&D organizations get the data insights and tools needed to increase speed to market, automate regulatory compliance, and heighten the impact of new products.Built fromthe ground up for the chemical and material science industry, the Albert Platform connects R&D processes and creates a single data source of truth across the R&D organization. Augmented with AI, machine learning and a comprehensive materials database, key platform functionality includes inventory, worksheets, workflows, tasks, and more. www.albertinvent.com

Portfolio highlights

• Parkable — Car park management software that runs staff, tenant and visitor parking for you - from a single workplace to an entire property portfolio.

Portfolio highlights

• Parkable — Car park management software that runs staff, tenant and visitor parking for you - from a single workplace to an entire property portfolio.

Portfolio highlights

• Drive Yello — Looking for fast & express courier & logistics delivery services? Drive Yello is your last mile delivery partner serving Brisbane, Sydney & Melbourne.

Portfolio highlights

• Binary Beer — Revolutionising the draught beer industry with smart keg technology, real-time tracking, & actionable insights to drive informed decisions.
• Binary Tech — Binary Tech develops an end-to-end operating system for Massive IoT, encompassing device manufacture, firmware, cloud algorithms, and APIs. Our solution facilitates swift deployment for telcos and systems integrators, offering a proof environment for enterprises to conduct POCs. Our stack can be white-labelled, and we also apply it through our own sub-brands, enabling us to enhance the technology continually as we expand.

Portfolio highlights

• Vyro — Browse, compare and finance an electric car, with instant trade in and personalised loans.

Portfolio highlights

• CarExpert.com.au — Australia's most reputable and independent motoring experts bring you the latest car reviews, comparisons, news and auto content.

Portfolio highlights

• Rezdy — Rezdy is the best online booking software for tour & activity operators. Discover more about the largest distribution network for tours & activities.
• EatClub — EatClub shows you nearby restaurants, with spare tables, offering last minute deals. Receive up to 50% off your bill (including drinks!)
• SiteMinder — SiteMinder is the world’s leading open hotel commerce platform, ranked among technology pioneers for opening up every hotel’s access to online commerce. It’s this central role that has earned SiteMinder the trust of tens of thousands of hotels, across 150 countries, to sell, market, manage and grow their business. The global company, headquarteredin Sydney with offices in Bangkok, Berlin, Dallas, Galway, London and Manila, generated more than 100 million reservations worth over US$35 billion in revenue for hotels in the last year prior to the start of the pandemic.