Top 50 B2B Startup Investors in Africa (June 2026)

Portfolio highlights

• Appload — Appload provides an online solution for logistics services. They connect logistics companies with customers looking for cargo transport. The app offers a secure scheduling and electronic payment system and the ability to secure shipments through an industry partner. They serve in the B2B space in transportation and logistics technology. They alsoprovides customer services.
• Gigmile — Gigmile provides financial services. They provide gig workers with core services and an affordable lease on productive assets that is tailored to their earnings to enable them to succeed in the mobility industry as entrepreneurs.
• VIVAN Therapeutics — VIVAN Therapeutics, a company pioneering personalized cancer therapeutics using a new assay technology. MPT licensed technology from the Center for Personalized Cancer Therapeutics at Mt Sinai New York and is launching the world’s most comprehensive, personal genomics-based, block-chain enabled drug screening service. All recommended treatmentcombinations will include a cancer drug and a non cancer drug, making treatments less toxic and more affordable. Intelligently designed personalized treatment. Revolutionary cancer care.

Portfolio highlights

• mTek — mTek is a digital online insurance platform that provides an entirely paperless ecosystem for the insurance industry.
• REasy — Top up locally, pay suppliers globally, and manage international shipments with REasy. Fast, secure, and designed for African businesses expanding worldwide.
• Konnect — Konnect provides a cross borders payment solution intended to simplify complex financial flows allowing companies of any scale and size to send and receive payments in a practical, secure, and low-cost way.

Portfolio highlights

• Peerby Classic — Borrow and rent goods from others nearby - affordable, convenient and green. Tools, bikes, party equipment, electronics and more. Try it now.
• Zobi — Zobi’s not just Artificial Intelligence, it’s Home Intelligence. Our smart, brand-agnostic solutions take a holistic view of homes - people, devices, networks, habits. They build an anonymous profile for each home, then use that intel to spot unusual behaviour and stop cybercriminals.
• Finverity — Finverity provides technology, working capital and expertise to give banks, NBFIs, financiers and companies a strategic advantage in supply chain finance

Portfolio highlights

• Sabi Am — Sabi is Africa's largest B2B company, & we are digitising informal trade via our platform. We access markets hard to reach and ensure ease of distribution, & are the No 1 FCMG supplier in Africa.
• Flood — Flood is a marketplace platforms that provides merchant solution, self services and big data solution.
• Asoko Insight — The most comprehensive database of African private companies for due diligence and business development

Portfolio highlights

• GoCab — GoCab is fintech solution providing Drive-to-own option for vehicle purchase in Emerging markets, helping to bridge the gap between mobility entrepreneurs and financial services.
• Jobzyn — Jobzyn is building an AI-powered recruitment platform designed to help employers sift through overwhelming volumes of underqualified applications while helping candidates make better-informed career choices.
• Thunder Code — Transform your QA process with Thunder Code's AI-powered test automation platform. Create, manage, and run automated tests without coding - perfect for QA teams seeking efficiency, reliability, and seamless integration.

Portfolio highlights

• Edves — Edves automates the brick and mortal School operations from Student enrollment, Fee Collection, Lesson Note up to Transcript Generation.
• Releaf Earth — We are industrializing food processing in Africa. We've led 1000+ smallholder farmers to provide food factories with >7.5 million kilograms of quality crops.
• Nexford University — Transform your career with affordable, flexible degrees and job skills designed for today's workforce. Skip debt and learn at your own pace with Nexford.

Portfolio highlights

• Releaf Earth — We are industrializing food processing in Africa. We've led 1000+ smallholder farmers to provide food factories with >7.5 million kilograms of quality crops.
• ZSystems — ZSystems is a transformative super app designed to redefine B2B trade.
• MarketForce — MarketForce connects Africa’s informal retail outlets and consumers directly to suppliers of consumer goods and financial services by digitizing orders, delivery, and payments with the aim of solving the last mile distribution challenge.

Portfolio highlights

• MazaoHub — MazaoHub is a AI-powered end-to-end farm management company.
• FarmWorks — FarmWorks is an agricultural technology company that gives farmers access to farm inputs as well as a market for the produce .FarmWork is to unlock agricultural potential by building clusters of mid-sized farms while working with thousands of small-holder farmers and establishing direct linkage to local and global markets.
• Spouts of Water — SPOUTS mission is to manufacture and distribute ceramic water filters to provide everyone in Uganda with safe water.

Portfolio highlights

• SAYNA — Sayna is to provide high-quality training in the digital sector and provide professional chances to young people by bridging the gap between the growing demand and supply for digital talent in Africa.
• Traace — Traace is a software that allows companies to measure and manage their carbon footprint. Carry out your carbon assessment. Follow your action plan easily and precisely.
• Gebeya — Gebeya is building a-self-sustainable ecosystem that trains, hires, and nurtures the best of African talent. Our mission is to be the premier software engineering and IT training academy in Africa, while becoming the number one global IT services workplace that matches African IT talent with clients across Africa and the rest of the world.

Portfolio highlights

• DRUO — DRUO provides online payment gateway for businesses.
• Golioth — Golioth helps developers to build IoT devices, secure your IoT, pipe device data from the edge to the cloud, and manage your IoT fleet from anywhere.
• Sourcepulse — Sourcepulse is the internal status page for software delivery, alerting teams before costly delays. We collect anonymous feedback from project members to identify exactly what to fix, just like how Sentry captures system details for production errors.

Portfolio highlights

• Leta — Leta Technology is a software development company that creates supply chain and logistics software to enable the efficient and automated movement of goods.
• Savannah Brands — Savannah Brands is a food & beverage company.
• UTU Technologies — Trust infrastructure for the sharing economy.

Portfolio highlights

• nGrow.ai — Boost revenue and engagement
• HoneyCoin — HoneyCoin is a web3/web2 ecosystem of products built in a way that abstracts complexity and brings all the value of web3 and web2 to the forefront.
• Orca Fraud — Orca empowers fraud fighters with effective tools to combat fraud

Portfolio highlights

• Fixit45 — Fixit45 also provides fleet management, auto parts sourcing and delivery, auto care, refurbishment and upgrades, repair financing, and mechanic workshop software as well as pre-purchase inspections, underlying these with moderation for compliance and accountability.
• Gigmile — Gigmile provides financial services. They provide gig workers with core services and an affordable lease on productive assets that is tailored to their earnings to enable them to succeed in the mobility industry as entrepreneurs.
• HomecomingEx — Homecoming Revolution is a pan-African recruitment firm for global African professionals. We specialise in headhunting & placing global African talent.

Portfolio highlights

• Aku — Aku is a financial technology to drive financial inclusion on one mobile device. They provide payments and bring financial services to the doorstep. They support the new business owner in need of the right tools. They offer low-cost, accessible financial services that serve their customers. They radically democratized access to banking and digitalpayment channels.
• AlumUnite — AlumUnite is a purpose-built platform to connect all educated Africans to develop Africa's human capital through alumni groups. We crowd-resource education.
• Reliance Health — Reliance Health Global. Improve the lives of your staff with innovative company healthcare benefits fit for any business. You can rely on us.

Portfolio highlights

• Releaf Earth — We are industrializing food processing in Africa. We've led 1000+ smallholder farmers to provide food factories with >7.5 million kilograms of quality crops.
• Tripesa — Tripesa offers payment solutions for Africa's travel and tourism industry.
• Plural — Smarter, Faster, Future-Ready Policy Strategy. Plural transforms how enterprises and organizations anticipate and act on legislation. Our AI-powered platform delivers accurate bill analysis, policy insights, and stakeholder intelligence so you can stay ahead of risk, seize opportunity, and shape outcomes. See How It Works Book A Demo Trusted By Deepen Your State & Federal Legislative

Portfolio highlights

• MDaaS Global — At MDaaS Global, we build and operate modern, tech-enabled diagnostic centres in clinically-underserved communities, starting in Nigeria. Our big goal is to create affordable healthcare solutions for Africa's next billion.
• Brass — Get started with a modern current account
• LemFi — Send money to India, China, Pakistan, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya and 30 other countries. Receive and manage your money without stress

Portfolio highlights

• Tugende — Tugende helps motorcycle taxi drivers own their own motorcycles in eighteen months or less instead of renting indefinitely. Ownership significantly increases income, job security and road safety.
• Jumba — Jumba is the trusted digital partner for hardware stores. Through tech, we support hardware stores to grow. Get cement at unbeatable prices. Access cement LPOs even at midnight. Get inventory on credit through Jengwa.
• Quro Medical — Quro Medical is an innovative digital health company pioneering premium hospital-at-home services.

Portfolio highlights

• BFree — BFree focuses its collection processes on sustainably leading customers out of debt by giving them back control over their finances.
• Complete Farmer — Complete Farmer connects growers, buyers, and vendors with technology, support, and market access across Ghana and beyond.
• Jackfruit Finance — Fast, flexible school financing in Kenya. Get working capital, projects, and asset loans designed around school fee cycles and growth needs.

Portfolio highlights

• Blue — An Operating System for your Personal Health. Join the waitlist here.
• FLORA — FLORA is an applied AI HCI company building creative tools.
• Thrive Protocol — Thrive Protocol's vision is to maximize value creation for all people and communities.

Portfolio highlights

• Sabi Am — Sabi is Africa's largest B2B company, & we are digitising informal trade via our platform. We access markets hard to reach and ensure ease of distribution, & are the No 1 FCMG supplier in Africa.
• Matta — Matta is a B2B platform offering a comprehensive, detailed marketplace for sourcing chemicals and materials efficiently and reliably

Portfolio highlights

• Salus Cloud — Salus Cloud is an AI-native platform for engineers to develop and manage security.
• Traction Apps — Traction apps provide businesses end to end tools they need to run and grow their businesses.
• Reliance Health — Reliance Health Global. Improve the lives of your staff with innovative company healthcare benefits fit for any business. You can rely on us.

Portfolio highlights

• Damanesign — Damanesign operates as a digital trust solutions startup. Damanesign is a startup that is seizing new legislation opportunities on digital trust in Morocco to provide users with the utmost safety in documentation.
• Atlan Space — Building Artificial Intelligence to autonomously pilot any fixed wing drone, to monitor and take measures over very large areas
• OnePay — OnePay is a fintech startup that operates as a distributor of means of payment and aggregator of payment and value-added services in electronic transactions.

Portfolio highlights

• Lengo — Lengo is an AI based intelligence platform that offers a large database on consumer goods for companies in the FMCG sector.
• Bujeti — Bujeti is the finance control centre for African businesses. Manage expenses, automate payments, and issue corporate cards for total control and visibility.
• Maad — Maad is Francophone Africa's fastest-growing B2B marketplace, based in Dakar, Senegal. Our tech-driven solution allows retailers to order products from our one-stop shop and benefit from working capital loans

Portfolio highlights

• AgroEknor — AgroEknor provides agricultural research, integration, technology based optimization & global delivery of the agro superfoods.
• Fastizers — Fastizers Food and Confectionery Limited is a newly formed food production firm in Nigeria that has been approved by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC).
• OmniRetail — OmniRetail is a consumer goods distribution platform that solves the inefficiencies of traditional trade by digitizing key stakeholders through its products.

Portfolio highlights

• ImaliPay — ImaliPay is a financial health platform offering financial products to freelancers and blue collar gig workers in partnership with gig platforms.
• Zeraki — Zeraki is to use technology to address some of the obstacles learners encounter in accessing quality education. We use technology to enhance the quality of education students get at each level of education and use technology to help students transition from one level of education to the next, and ultimately from education into employment.
• Jumba — Jumba is the trusted digital partner for hardware stores. Through tech, we support hardware stores to grow. Get cement at unbeatable prices. Access cement LPOs even at midnight. Get inventory on credit through Jengwa.

Portfolio highlights

• Kwely — Kwely is a dynamic and fast-growing startup. We are always looking for passionate, dynamic, fun and hard-working individuals to join our team.
• ProXalys INC — ProXalys is an african digital bank or neobank for the financial inclusion and empowerment of african women (entrepreneurs and self-employed entrepreneurs, startups, SMEs, and startups).
• ProXalys — BENGKULUTOTO Adalah Platform game online terbaik dan terpercaya di Indonesia. Nikmati pengalaman bermain seru, aman, dengan berbagai pilihan hiburan berkualitas tinggi kapan saja!

Portfolio highlights

• OmniRetail — OmniRetail is a consumer goods distribution platform that solves the inefficiencies of traditional trade by digitizing key stakeholders through its products.
• Hinckley Recycling — Hinckley Recycling is dedicated to the responsibility of being a good steward of the environment and will in all circumstances aspire to constantly emphasize awareness of the natural environment, whilst maintaining a level of proficiency which demonstrates bona fide leadership in all spheres of the environment.
• Agent Banking Company — Agent Banking Company provides digital technology solutions that enable access to banking services through bank-approved agents.

Portfolio highlights

• Laborhack — LaborHack offers a select network of tested and certified carpenters, plumbers, electricians, masons, welders, and other tradespeople. It provides cleaning, plumbing, electrical, and HVAC services.
• Trade Lenda — Trade Lenda: Access to Loans, Investments, Utility Payments, Credit Access, Insurance, and More! Unlock Opportunities to Earn, Invest, and Grow. Secure Personal or Business Loans Toda
• Feather Africa — Feather Africa provides money transaction services, such as enabling users to send and receive money from anyone using the application. It offers withdrawals of cash without ATM cards by sending money to the nearest cash vendors.

Portfolio highlights

• Gauzy — Smart glass technology developed by Gauzy allows glass to change from transparent to varying degrees of opaque on demand.
• MAX — Make mobility accessible, safe, reliable, and sustainable for 1 billion Africans
• Leta — Leta Technology is a software development company that creates supply chain and logistics software to enable the efficient and automated movement of goods.

Portfolio highlights

• Jumba — Jumba is the trusted digital partner for hardware stores. Through tech, we support hardware stores to grow. Get cement at unbeatable prices. Access cement LPOs even at midnight. Get inventory on credit through Jengwa.
• Uncover — Dermatologist-tested K-Beauty formulas powered by African botanicals for melanin-rich skin. Shop SPF 50 sunscreen, serums & kits with free Kenya shipping.
• Cleva — For anyone with global financial needs, A US-based dollar account in your name to receive, hold, and save USD.

Portfolio highlights

• ENAKL — Enakl, is a tech mobility company providing bus sharing solutions for commute rides in Africa. Our technology allows us to collect data to predict demand for commute rides, pool users per destination and create routes that will be operated by professional drivers. Our innovative business model enables affordable pricing, promoting socialinclusion. By offering flexible, safe and convenient transport options, Enakl is helping to solve the problems of congestion and access to transport in Africa.
• ZSystems — ZSystems is a transformative super app designed to redefine B2B trade.
• ORA Technologies — E-Commerce, Super App

Portfolio highlights

• Duplo — We enable businesses across Africa to simplify their payment flows.
• Cauridor — Cauridor is a Financial Services company.
• Herconomy (Ex AGS Tribe) — Herconomy is a platform that allows women build their finances, capacity, collaborate and access opportunities.

Portfolio highlights

• CesiumAstro — CesiumAstro builds high-throughput, software-defined phased array communication payloads for airborne and in-orbit platforms.
• Lincode — The #1 business challenge that manufacturers identify is quality management. As new manufactured products continue to enter the market and consumer expectations shift faster than ever, factories are looking to improve their quality systems while scaling operations and cutting costs. At Lincode, we enable manufacturers to improve the speed, accuracy, and data tracking capabilities of their quality inspection systems at scale.
• Arda Therapeutics — Arda Therapeutics is a biotechnology company taking aim at chronic diseases and aging by eliminating the pathogenic cells that drive these conditions. Their approach starts by using single-cell data to identify pathogenic cells and specific markers to target them. They then design therapies to eliminate these - and only these - cells.Arda wasfounded in 2021 in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA.

Portfolio highlights

• Swvl — Swvl | Book Your Daily Ride or Make Money Driving Now
• Aptuno — Aptuno - Busco apartamento o casa en arriendo
• Fresha — Find the best salons and spa in your area with Fresha salon booking software. Book now!

Portfolio highlights

• Eyst Technology — EYST provides a technological solution against insurance fraud. The company is based in Puteaux, France.
• Addvocate.ai — Addvocate is an AI-powered B2B sales intelligence platform that transforms sales team performance by providing actionable, predictive insights and unified data to improve every stage of the sales cycle. Addvocate addresses common sales inefficiencies—such as poor preparation, missed opportunities, and reactive processes—by delivering AI-drivenrecommendations and proactive guidance tailored to each prospect and every phase of the sales journey. The platform consolidates data from over 30 sources, including CRM systems, sales intelligence tools, call analytics, emails, and customer feedback, into a single interface.
• ProXalys — BENGKULUTOTO Adalah Platform game online terbaik dan terpercaya di Indonesia. Nikmati pengalaman bermain seru, aman, dengan berbagai pilihan hiburan berkualitas tinggi kapan saja!

Portfolio highlights

• Novek — Novek builds IOT technology to completely eliminate single use plastic from FMCG Supply chains.
• Thepeer — API infrastructure for businesses
• OmniRetail — OmniRetail is a consumer goods distribution platform that solves the inefficiencies of traditional trade by digitizing key stakeholders through its products.

Portfolio highlights

• Chari — Chari is an e-commerce and fintech app for traditional retailers in French-Speaking Africa allowing them to order any consumer goods they sell and get delivered for free in less than 24 hours. Chari is also a financial services provider for these retailers, offering them microloans
• Intmax — INTMAX has developed significant innovations in ZK implementation making it a unique Layer2 rollup network that offers low cost, security, tunable privacy, and above all, scalability.
• Carry1st — Carry1st develops and publishes enriching mobile games and content apps for African consumers.

Portfolio highlights

• HqO — HqO is the leading real estate experience operating system for commercial real estate. HqO delivers seamless software that elevates the real estate experience.
• Lula — Making Mobility Viable and Profitable
• Releaf Earth — We are industrializing food processing in Africa. We've led 1000+ smallholder farmers to provide food factories with >7.5 million kilograms of quality crops.

Portfolio highlights

• Gigs — Gigs is building Stripe for SIM cards. Providing platforms custom phone & data plans through an easy to use API in 180+ countries.
• GetVocal AI — GetVocal AI is help companies automate customer service processes with the most advanced Conversational AI phone agent.
• Astral Systems — Our compact multi-state fusion reactors offer high particle flux and exceptional lifetime performance, unlocking a wide variety of critical medical, industrial, and research applications today.

Portfolio highlights

• Scatec ASA — Scatec is a leading renewable power producer, delivering affordable and clean energy worldwide.
• Wave Mobile Money — Wave Mobile Money provides an app-based financial solution to save, transfer, and borrow money. Wave Mobile Money is on a mission to make Africa the first cashless continent. On a continent where less than 10% of the population has a bank account, Wave is building the first modern financial network — no account fees, instantly available, andaccepted everywhere! It is building life-changing financial infrastructure. When mobile money succeeded in Kenya, it lifted about a million people out of poverty. And yet, over 10 years later, most Africans still lack access to affordable ways to save, transfer or borrow the money they need to build businesses or provide for their families. Wave is solving this problem by using technology to build a radically inclusive and extremely affordable financial network.
• CLR Facility Services — CLR is a leading Integrated Facility Management (IFM) company with a PAN India presence, providing comprehensive solutions including IFM, Technical Services, Business Support, Aviation Services, Production Support, and Floor Care Services.

Portfolio highlights

• BALLURH — A SaaS platform that provides predictive analytics with smart recommendations for Retailers to enhance decision-making, increase revenue and improve customer satisfaction.
• Midient — We help restaurants collect, analyze, and act on their customer data to increase customer satisfaction and increase revenue.
• Agel — Agel aim at reshaping the traditional financial services business model, operational model and customer experience to unlock a unique finance avenue for (“MSMEs”), with a core preposition of availing industry-agnostic merchandise credit limit for Merchants within Agel network in a manner that is Digital, Cashless and Sharia compliant, aligning withthe UN Global (“SDG”) goals, and Egypt’s 2030 plan towards financial inclusion and sustainability.our goals are: - Empowering MSMEs growth, - Accelerating Financial Inclusion, - Eradicating Informal Economy, - Raising Financial literacy

Portfolio highlights

• Licify — Licify, a procurement cloud-based platform specialized in the construction industry, has redefined interactions between developers, contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers. It creates a community developing transparent and efficient realtionships allthrough the value chain. This improves the procurement and supply processes, generating savingsand increasing profitability.
• Channel19 — Channel19 is building a platform for small truckers to aggregate freight from all of their digital broker and load board relationships in one place and find the best freight to move for their business. Truckers using Channel19 earn up to 20% more revenue and can save over $3,000 per truck per year in dispatch.
• Advance Tech Lending — Advance Tech Lending is an online salary loans provider. They help employees cover their daily financial needs with a click of a button. They don’t charge interest, just a processing fee to get funds to you immediately.

Portfolio highlights

• bliro — Bliro is a compliant conversation intelligence platform, that transcribes, analyses and automates based on your conversations - no matter where they happen.
• Needle — Needle enables fast, AI-powered information discovery across all your data sources. Moreover, its RAG API helps developers build agentic AI applications.
• Oro Labs — ORO Labs, a Tokenized Gold Protocol on Solana

Portfolio highlights

• inyad — We're on a mission to move the Offline Business to the Online World in Africa & the Middle East
• YoLa Fresh — At YoLaFresh, our mission is to revolutionize the fresh produce supply chain in Africa by leveraging technology and data to disrupt traditional distribution models. We strive to create a more efficient and transparent system that benefits all stakeholders, from farmers to retailers and consumers. Our vision is to create a world where access tofresh, high-quality produce is a universal right. We believe that by empowering farmers and retailers with innovative technology solutions, we will improve their livelihoods and make a positive impact on their communities.
• Userguest.com — Userguest is a Travel SaaS company that provides technology to hotels in order to improve their online revenue. Our smart tool applies RevMarketing Automation to hotel website, by matching a user’s booking intent with the hotel’s inventory priorities. We display personalized incentives to boost hotel revenue where it counts.

Portfolio highlights

• Logidoo — Logidoo is a digital logistics marketplace-designed company that markets shuttles through smart logistics. The company's platform, which provides rapid, dependable, secure, and economical logistics, allows users to compare offers for sending and receiving items and to track parcels in real-time.
• ZSystems — ZSystems is a transformative super app designed to redefine B2B trade.
• Userguest.com — Userguest is a Travel SaaS company that provides technology to hotels in order to improve their online revenue. Our smart tool applies RevMarketing Automation to hotel website, by matching a user’s booking intent with the hotel’s inventory priorities. We display personalized incentives to boost hotel revenue where it counts.

Portfolio highlights

• Voltiris — Unlock renewable energy in your greenhouse with Voltiris' spectral filtering technology.
• NitroVolt — NitroVolt: the next generational step of sustainable ammonia.
• Brineworks — Industry leading costs through cutting edge electrochemistry, and renewably powered intermittent operation

Portfolio highlights

• Chpter — Chpter is a software development company that offers fast billing and checkout to help start, run, and grow a business.
• Releaf — We are industrializing food processing in Africa. We've led 1000+ smallholder farmers to provide food factories with >7.5 million kilograms of quality crops.
• XENO — XENO is an investment management platform that helps people to plan, save, and invest in financial goals. XENO was founded in 2016 and was headquartered in Kampala, Uganda.

Portfolio highlights

• Bamba — Bamba is a small software development house building Android applications
• Lilo — Lilo is the first invest-and-experience platform offering the most sought-after properties around the world.
• Bamba — Today, organizations spend a lot of money on physical data gathering exercises using old-fashioned paper-based methods. These methods result in expensive, severely delayed and incomplete data . With Bamba, a client can launch a data collection exercise anywhere in the world simply from the comfort of their web browser and the client can ensureindividuals respond with complete answers by paying those individuals for that data with mobile airtime in 122 different countries thus far.

Portfolio highlights

• Lawhive — LawHive provides local UK solicitors for half the cost of a law firm. Connect with licensed solicitors online. Use any computer or smartphone.
• Goodstack — Goodstack is a SaaS and fintech platform for managing charitable donations.
• Yonder — A modern lifestyle credit card packed with rewards, no foreign exchange fees, and loads more. Apply without needing a UK credit score.

Portfolio highlights

• Bujeti — Bujeti is the finance control centre for African businesses. Manage expenses, automate payments, and issue corporate cards for total control and visibility.
• FlexDesk — FlexDesk is creating a new evolution of the flexible workspace model. Remote workers use the platform to discover and book a dedicated desk or private office by the day. FlexDesk unlocks this inventory by partnering with office landlords and coworking operators that have furnished, underutilized space.
• SearchEye — Get tech-driven SEO at scale, speed and a fraction of the cost compared to traditional agencies. Acquire PR Mentions, Digital PR and Content.