Top 30 Agriculture (agtech) Angel Investors in Indonesia in May 2025

Investor	Agriculture (agtech) Indonesia investments
Gibran Huzaifah	3
Irvan Kolonas	2
James Prananto	2
Irvan Kolonas	2
James Prananto	2
Edward Tirtanata	2
Edward Tirtanata	2
Michael Sampoerna	1
Prashant Pawar	1
Vidit Agrawal	1
Harshet Lunani	1
Benedicto Haryono	1
Nipun Mehra	1
Clark Landry	1
Clark Landry	1
Harshet Lunani	1
Benedicto Haryono	1
Hendra Kwik	1
Vidit Agrawal	1
Tobias Fischer	1
John Rasjid	1
Windy Natriavi	1
Jessica Hendrawidjaja	1
Prashant Pawar	1
Nipun Mehra	1
Hendra Kwik	1
Windy Natriavi	1
John Rasjid	1
Michael Sampoerna	1
Tobias Fischer	1

Gibran Huzaifah is the founder and CEO of eFishery.

Investment focus

Agriculture, AgTech, Farming
Seed, Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Elevarm — Elevarm provides comprehensive solutions and services that elevate farmers. We are building an ecosystem powered by data and AI-enabled technologies to revolutionize production efficiency in the agriculture industry , ensuring quality, quantity, and consistent supply for business customers.
kora.id — Kora is an end to end supply chain solutions for F&B services. We help F&B from product sourcing, supplier management, central warehouse, distribution to cold chain solution. Leave all of the supply chain stuff to Kora and focus for the growth of your F&B brand.

Irvan Kolonas is a Chief Executive Officer at Vasham.

Investment focus

Agriculture, Management Consulting
Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

DELOS — Leading the Indonesia Blue Revolution. We are at the forefront of aquaculture shrimp farming & sustainable lobster fishing industry.

Co-Founder & COO at Kopi Kenangan.

Investment focus

Agriculture, AgTech, Information Services
Seed, Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.
DELOS — Leading the Indonesia Blue Revolution. We are at the forefront of aquaculture shrimp farming & sustainable lobster fishing industry.

Irvan Kolonas is a Chief Executive Officer at Vasham.

Investment focus

Agriculture, Management Consulting
Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

DELOS — Leading the Indonesia Blue Revolution. We are at the forefront of aquaculture shrimp farming & sustainable lobster fishing industry.

Co-Founder & COO at Kopi Kenangan.

Investment focus

Agriculture, AgTech, Information Services
Seed, Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.
DELOS — Leading the Indonesia Blue Revolution. We are at the forefront of aquaculture shrimp farming & sustainable lobster fishing industry.

Edward Tirtanata is the CEO and Co-Founder at Kopi Kenangan. He is also the Founder of Lewis & Carroll Tea. Mr. Tirtanata si a former Managing Partner at iHuntington Consulting. Edward received a bachelor of science in Finance and Accounting at Northeastern University.

Investment focus

Supply Chain Management, AgTech, Seafood
Seed, Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

MAKMUR — MAKMUR is a start-up that provides technology-based investment app to help Indonesians plan their financial goals and invest for the long term easily, safely, and sustainably.
Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.
FishLog — FishLog is fisheries supply chains ecosystem. Our vision is to transform fragmented fisheries supply chains into an integrated and efficient ecosystem with reliable solutions that create value along fisheries network. Our mission is to be the largest fisheries network in Indonesia. Offer complete fisheries post-harvest management services. Creatinga transparant, fair-trade and sustainable transaction along fisheries ecosystem with all stakeholders in our network.

Edward Tirtanata is the CEO and Co-Founder at Kopi Kenangan. He is also the Founder of Lewis & Carroll Tea. Mr. Tirtanata si a former Managing Partner at iHuntington Consulting. Edward received a bachelor of science in Finance and Accounting at Northeastern University.

Investment focus

Supply Chain Management, AgTech, Seafood
Seed, Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

MAKMUR — MAKMUR is a start-up that provides technology-based investment app to help Indonesians plan their financial goals and invest for the long term easily, safely, and sustainably.
Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.
FishLog — FishLog is fisheries supply chains ecosystem. Our vision is to transform fragmented fisheries supply chains into an integrated and efficient ecosystem with reliable solutions that create value along fisheries network. Our mission is to be the largest fisheries network in Indonesia. Offer complete fisheries post-harvest management services. Creatinga transparant, fair-trade and sustainable transaction along fisheries ecosystem with all stakeholders in our network.

Michael Sampoerna

Investment focus

Software, B2B, AgTech
Seed, Funding Round
Indonesia, Singapore

Portfolio highlights

Baskit — baskit | Empowering wholesalers and distributors with the world's first cloud-native all-in-one app
Gajiku — Gajiku is a technology platform that seeks to financially empower the masses.
Aria — Aria Indonesia offering the tech-solution for agriculture, mining, and foresty to enchance product quality efficiently in the fastest way.

Prashant Pawar

Investment focus

AgTech, Agriculture, Information Technology
Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Semaai — Full-stack agri-tech solution for Indonesian farmers

Vidit Agrawal is a Co-Founder and CEO of GajiGesa. He was formerly Head of Business Development APAC at Stripe, COO at CARRO, and the first employee at Uber in Asia.

Investment focus

AgTech, Agriculture, Financial Services
Seed, Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

MAKMUR — MAKMUR is a start-up that provides technology-based investment app to help Indonesians plan their financial goals and invest for the long term easily, safely, and sustainably.
Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.

Harshet Lunani is the founder of Qoala, a disruptive insure-tech company that leverages big data, machine learning, IoT and blockchain.

Investment focus

AgTech, FinTech, Software
Pre-Seed, Seed
Indonesia, Singapore

Portfolio highlights

Semaai — Full-stack agri-tech solution for Indonesian farmers
Durianpay — Payment Service Provider terbaik dengan integrasi lengkap ke berbagai payment gateway di Indonesia. Menerima, memproses, dan mencairkan pembayaran dengan mudah
SkorLife — Download Skorlife App now and check your credit score online for free! Take control, own, and see how Banks see your data only in a matter of seconds.

As the CEO & Co-founder, Ben is responsible for developing the overall strategy and direction of KoinWorks' initiatives, including our product development and strategic partnerships. Ben also takes the lead in recruitment and in liaising with our Legal consultants.Before founding KoinWorks, Ben was mainly involved in a palm oil companyas head of the commercial department. Ben also currently serves as non-executive directors at two small companies; Indoseaweed and Bedec.Ben holds an MBA from IESE Business School and a BSE in Industrial Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Investment focus

AgTech, Home Renovation, Information Technology
Seed, Pre-Seed, Convertible Note
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Flokq — Get Room for Rent in Jakarta from Flokq. Looking to Share apartment or monthly rental Coliving Space in Jakarta? Connect with us today!
Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.
Fit Hub Indonesia — Fit Hub Indonesia is a Health & Wellness Startup in Indonesia.

Nipun is a co-founder of Ula. Nipun has had previous stints building out businesses and categories at Amazon and Flipkart, has been an investment advisor with Sequoia Capital and been part of the leadership team at payments unicorn Pine Labs. Nipun holds a Masters in Computer Science from Stanford University an MBA from The Wharton School

Investment focus

Financial Services, Apps, B2B
Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A
India, Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Semaai — Full-stack agri-tech solution for Indonesian farmers
GajiGesa — GajiGesa is the preferred financial wellness partner for employers in Indonesia. GajiGesa's powerful fintech platform is built to help millions of hardworking Indonesians take control of their financial lives with dignity. The GajiGesa app provides member employees with earned wage access, financial education, and other financial managementtools to improve their long-term financial health responsibly. It also empowers employer partners with an enterprise-grade HR analytics platform to improve employee productivity, engagement, and retention by reducing financial stress for their teams. The company has seen 12x growth since January with more large enterprises keen to embrace this financial wellness solution. And we have doubled our overall enterprise customer base in the last quarter and now partner with 60+ companies, serving tens of thousands of employees. Based on GajiGesa’s most recent survey, for employers that partner with GajiGesa, over 75% of their employees have stopped using informal lenders for short term needs because our EWA solution gives them the financial security they need under the purview of the employer. GajiGesa is also increasingly popular for employees that have micro-businesses at home. They often use GajiGesa and use their salary as working capital rather than turning to informal lenders. Health related expenses is another common reason for GajiGesa usage. In early May, the company launched GajiTim, Southeast Asia’s first employee management app for MSMEs and SMEs to manage their workforce efficiently bringing transparency in income tracking and salary calculation. The app is aimed at businesses with between 5 to 100 workers and has gained more than 50,000 active users since it was launched in mid-March. This latest product innovation supercharges GajiGesa’s effort to expand financial resilience - establishing greater transparency in employee management as well as creating a holistic and meaningful integrated employee benefits solution for businesses of all sizes and their employees.The company was founded in 2020 by Martyna Malinowska (formerly Product Lead at Standard Chartered Bank, Product Director at LenddoEFL) and Vidit Agarwal (formerly Head of Business Development APAC at Stripe, COO at CARRO, and first employee at Uber in Asia). The company is Headquartered in Jakarta with a distributed team also based in India and Singapore. GajiGesa announced a US$2.5 million Seed round in February (led by Defy.vc and Quest Ventures) and an undisclosed growth round in early May from additional strategic investors including OCBC NISP Ventura, the Founders of Kopi Kenangan, and other Indonesian investors and family offices.
SuperK — SuperK is the fastest growing supermarket chain in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana with 100+ stores across Kadapa and Anantapur

Clark Landry is the Managing Partner of Clover Leaf Ventures.Most recently, Clark was co-founder and COO at CESPPA, a cybersecurity company. Formerly, Clark was co-founder and COO at Maple Media (raised $30 million from private equity investors), co-founder and executive chairman at SHIFT (acquired by Brand Networks), co-founder and CEO at TopLevel Domain Holdings (now Minds + Machines - publicly-traded on the London Stock Exchange's AIM), co-founder and CMO at TagWorld (acquired by Viacom). Clark was a founding investor of Gradient X, a mobile DSP (acquired by SingTel), Traffic Marketplace, an advertising network (acquired by Vivendi), Adconion Media Group, a provider of digital media advertising solutions (acquired by Amobee), Conversion Logic, an advertising attribution company, and CREXi, a commercial real estate marketplace.Clark holds a bachelor of arts degree in economics from Yale University.

Investment focus

Software, Internet, Information Technology
Seed, Series A, Angel
United States, Mexico, Bulgaria

Portfolio highlights

Esper — Esper is the first cloud-based platform to help governments proactively manage public policy with better data and transparency.
Acquicent — Acquicent enables the issuance and trading of blockchain tokens linked to digital and real-world collectibles.
AlphaFlow — AlphaFlow is a tech-driven investment company providing professionally managed portfolios of real estate loans to institutional investors. They work with the residential real estate lenders around the country and underwrite their loans across 50+ factors. AlphaFlow invests in the best deals, splitting our clients’ portfolios across 75-100 loansinto15+ states to create AlphaFlow Optimized Portfolios. They took the best practices of investment management, like diversification, rebalancing, and institutional-quality data analytics, and automated them so that investors could receive these benefits without the high fees and high minimums of traditional real estate investing. It is ultimately a simpler, more intelligent way to invest in real estate.AlphaFlow was founded in 2015 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California, United States.

Clark Landry is the Managing Partner of Clover Leaf Ventures.Most recently, Clark was co-founder and COO at CESPPA, a cybersecurity company. Formerly, Clark was co-founder and COO at Maple Media (raised $30 million from private equity investors), co-founder and executive chairman at SHIFT (acquired by Brand Networks), co-founder and CEO at TopLevel Domain Holdings (now Minds + Machines - publicly-traded on the London Stock Exchange's AIM), co-founder and CMO at TagWorld (acquired by Viacom). Clark was a founding investor of Gradient X, a mobile DSP (acquired by SingTel), Traffic Marketplace, an advertising network (acquired by Vivendi), Adconion Media Group, a provider of digital media advertising solutions (acquired by Amobee), Conversion Logic, an advertising attribution company, and CREXi, a commercial real estate marketplace.Clark holds a bachelor of arts degree in economics from Yale University.

Investment focus

Software, Internet, Information Technology
Seed, Series A, Angel
United States, Mexico, Bulgaria

Portfolio highlights

Esper — Esper is the first cloud-based platform to help governments proactively manage public policy with better data and transparency.
Acquicent — Acquicent enables the issuance and trading of blockchain tokens linked to digital and real-world collectibles.
AlphaFlow — AlphaFlow is a tech-driven investment company providing professionally managed portfolios of real estate loans to institutional investors. They work with the residential real estate lenders around the country and underwrite their loans across 50+ factors. AlphaFlow invests in the best deals, splitting our clients’ portfolios across 75-100 loansinto15+ states to create AlphaFlow Optimized Portfolios. They took the best practices of investment management, like diversification, rebalancing, and institutional-quality data analytics, and automated them so that investors could receive these benefits without the high fees and high minimums of traditional real estate investing. It is ultimately a simpler, more intelligent way to invest in real estate.AlphaFlow was founded in 2015 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California, United States.

Harshet Lunani is the founder of Qoala, a disruptive insure-tech company that leverages big data, machine learning, IoT and blockchain.

Investment focus

AgTech, FinTech, Software
Pre-Seed, Seed
Indonesia, Singapore

Portfolio highlights

Semaai — Full-stack agri-tech solution for Indonesian farmers
Durianpay — Payment Service Provider terbaik dengan integrasi lengkap ke berbagai payment gateway di Indonesia. Menerima, memproses, dan mencairkan pembayaran dengan mudah
SkorLife — Download Skorlife App now and check your credit score online for free! Take control, own, and see how Banks see your data only in a matter of seconds.

As the CEO & Co-founder, Ben is responsible for developing the overall strategy and direction of KoinWorks' initiatives, including our product development and strategic partnerships. Ben also takes the lead in recruitment and in liaising with our Legal consultants.Before founding KoinWorks, Ben was mainly involved in a palm oil companyas head of the commercial department. Ben also currently serves as non-executive directors at two small companies; Indoseaweed and Bedec.Ben holds an MBA from IESE Business School and a BSE in Industrial Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Investment focus

AgTech, Home Renovation, Information Technology
Seed, Pre-Seed, Convertible Note
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Flokq — Get Room for Rent in Jakarta from Flokq. Looking to Share apartment or monthly rental Coliving Space in Jakarta? Connect with us today!
Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.
Fit Hub Indonesia — Fit Hub Indonesia is a Health & Wellness Startup in Indonesia.

Hendra Kwik is the Co-Founder of PAYFAZZ.

Investment focus

Financial Services, FinTech, Software
Pre-Seed, Seed, Series B
Indonesia, Singapore, India

Portfolio highlights

UpBanx — Upbanx helps to manage money, get financing, grow commercial partnerships, launch digital assets and raise investments.
Rocket Academy — Selective and comprehensive online software engineering bootcamp in Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia.
DELOS — Leading the Indonesia Blue Revolution. We are at the forefront of aquaculture shrimp farming & sustainable lobster fishing industry.

Vidit Agrawal is a Co-Founder and CEO of GajiGesa. He was formerly Head of Business Development APAC at Stripe, COO at CARRO, and the first employee at Uber in Asia.

Investment focus

AgTech, Agriculture, Financial Services
Seed, Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

MAKMUR — MAKMUR is a start-up that provides technology-based investment app to help Indonesians plan their financial goals and invest for the long term easily, safely, and sustainably.
Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.

Tobias Fischer is a Co-Founder & CEO at wagely.

Investment focus

AgTech, Agriculture, Information Services
Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.

John Rasjid

Investment focus

AgTech, Agriculture, Information Services
Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.

Windy Natriavi is Co-Founder and Chief Product Officer at AwanTunai.

Investment focus

Seafood, Aquaculture, Human Resources
Seed
Indonesia, Singapore

Portfolio highlights

FishLog — FishLog is fisheries supply chains ecosystem. Our vision is to transform fragmented fisheries supply chains into an integrated and efficient ecosystem with reliable solutions that create value along fisheries network. Our mission is to be the largest fisheries network in Indonesia. Offer complete fisheries post-harvest management services. Creatinga transparant, fair-trade and sustainable transaction along fisheries ecosystem with all stakeholders in our network.
FlexOS — Work faster, better, and have more fun along the way. FlexOS - Unleashes Your Remote Team's Potential. With smart tools, how-to guides, free templates, eBooks, and events.

Jessica Hendrawidjaja is the CMO at Shipper. She previously worked as the Co-Founder and CMO at PORTER.

Investment focus

Seafood, Aquaculture, Supply Chain Management
Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

FishLog — FishLog is fisheries supply chains ecosystem. Our vision is to transform fragmented fisheries supply chains into an integrated and efficient ecosystem with reliable solutions that create value along fisheries network. Our mission is to be the largest fisheries network in Indonesia. Offer complete fisheries post-harvest management services. Creatinga transparant, fair-trade and sustainable transaction along fisheries ecosystem with all stakeholders in our network.

Prashant Pawar

Investment focus

AgTech, Agriculture, Information Technology
Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Semaai — Full-stack agri-tech solution for Indonesian farmers

Nipun is a co-founder of Ula. Nipun has had previous stints building out businesses and categories at Amazon and Flipkart, has been an investment advisor with Sequoia Capital and been part of the leadership team at payments unicorn Pine Labs. Nipun holds a Masters in Computer Science from Stanford University an MBA from The Wharton School

Investment focus

Financial Services, Apps, B2B
Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A
India, Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Semaai — Full-stack agri-tech solution for Indonesian farmers
GajiGesa — GajiGesa is the preferred financial wellness partner for employers in Indonesia. GajiGesa's powerful fintech platform is built to help millions of hardworking Indonesians take control of their financial lives with dignity. The GajiGesa app provides member employees with earned wage access, financial education, and other financial managementtools to improve their long-term financial health responsibly. It also empowers employer partners with an enterprise-grade HR analytics platform to improve employee productivity, engagement, and retention by reducing financial stress for their teams. The company has seen 12x growth since January with more large enterprises keen to embrace this financial wellness solution. And we have doubled our overall enterprise customer base in the last quarter and now partner with 60+ companies, serving tens of thousands of employees. Based on GajiGesa’s most recent survey, for employers that partner with GajiGesa, over 75% of their employees have stopped using informal lenders for short term needs because our EWA solution gives them the financial security they need under the purview of the employer. GajiGesa is also increasingly popular for employees that have micro-businesses at home. They often use GajiGesa and use their salary as working capital rather than turning to informal lenders. Health related expenses is another common reason for GajiGesa usage. In early May, the company launched GajiTim, Southeast Asia’s first employee management app for MSMEs and SMEs to manage their workforce efficiently bringing transparency in income tracking and salary calculation. The app is aimed at businesses with between 5 to 100 workers and has gained more than 50,000 active users since it was launched in mid-March. This latest product innovation supercharges GajiGesa’s effort to expand financial resilience - establishing greater transparency in employee management as well as creating a holistic and meaningful integrated employee benefits solution for businesses of all sizes and their employees.The company was founded in 2020 by Martyna Malinowska (formerly Product Lead at Standard Chartered Bank, Product Director at LenddoEFL) and Vidit Agarwal (formerly Head of Business Development APAC at Stripe, COO at CARRO, and first employee at Uber in Asia). The company is Headquartered in Jakarta with a distributed team also based in India and Singapore. GajiGesa announced a US$2.5 million Seed round in February (led by Defy.vc and Quest Ventures) and an undisclosed growth round in early May from additional strategic investors including OCBC NISP Ventura, the Founders of Kopi Kenangan, and other Indonesian investors and family offices.
SuperK — SuperK is the fastest growing supermarket chain in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana with 100+ stores across Kadapa and Anantapur

Hendra Kwik is the Co-Founder of PAYFAZZ.

Investment focus

Financial Services, FinTech, Software
Pre-Seed, Seed, Series B
Indonesia, Singapore, India

Portfolio highlights

UpBanx — Upbanx helps to manage money, get financing, grow commercial partnerships, launch digital assets and raise investments.
Rocket Academy — Selective and comprehensive online software engineering bootcamp in Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia.
DELOS — Leading the Indonesia Blue Revolution. We are at the forefront of aquaculture shrimp farming & sustainable lobster fishing industry.

Windy Natriavi is Co-Founder and Chief Product Officer at AwanTunai.

Investment focus

Seafood, Aquaculture, Human Resources
Seed
Indonesia, Singapore

Portfolio highlights

FishLog — FishLog is fisheries supply chains ecosystem. Our vision is to transform fragmented fisheries supply chains into an integrated and efficient ecosystem with reliable solutions that create value along fisheries network. Our mission is to be the largest fisheries network in Indonesia. Offer complete fisheries post-harvest management services. Creatinga transparant, fair-trade and sustainable transaction along fisheries ecosystem with all stakeholders in our network.
FlexOS — Work faster, better, and have more fun along the way. FlexOS - Unleashes Your Remote Team's Potential. With smart tools, how-to guides, free templates, eBooks, and events.

John Rasjid

Investment focus

AgTech, Agriculture, Information Services
Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.

Michael Sampoerna

Investment focus

Software, B2B, AgTech
Seed, Funding Round
Indonesia, Singapore

Portfolio highlights

Baskit — baskit | Empowering wholesalers and distributors with the world's first cloud-native all-in-one app
Gajiku — Gajiku is a technology platform that seeks to financially empower the masses.
Aria — Aria Indonesia offering the tech-solution for agriculture, mining, and foresty to enchance product quality efficiently in the fastest way.

Tobias Fischer is a Co-Founder & CEO at wagely.

Investment focus

AgTech, Agriculture, Information Services
Pre-Seed
Indonesia

Portfolio highlights

Eratani — Eratani is an Agri-tech company is to focus on building a agricultural ecosystem and seeks to provide farmers with easy access to technology to increase the productivity and welfare of the agricultural ecosystem.