# Top 50 Financial Services VC (Venture Capital) Funds in Africa in June 2026 ## Launch Africa - Type: VC Fund - Location: Ebène, Plaines Wilhems, Mauritius - Relevant deals: 30 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Information Technology Launch Africa is a leading Pan-African VC fund solving the significant funding gap in the Seed and pre-Series A investment landscape in Africa ## Ventures Platform - Type: VC Fund - Location: Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria - Relevant deals: 28 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Internet We back founders building the future of Africa. We invest in companies that solve for non-consumption, plug infrastructural gaps and democratise prosperity in Africa, by eliminating the barriers for access and reducing the costs of delivering goods and services. ## Microtraction - Type: VC Fund - Location: Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria - Relevant deals: 27 - Stages: Pre-Seed, Seed, Angel - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Software We invest in Africa's most remarkable teams with technical founders at the earliest stage of their venture ## Ingressive Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria - Relevant deals: 26 - Stages: Pre-Seed, Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Information Technology Ingressive Capital is a renowned $50M Pan-African Venture Capital Fund that invests in indigenous founders and startups across Africa, with focus on Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, and Nigeria. Specializing in early-stage investments, particularly Pre-Seed and Seed stages, it targets technology companies led by top-tier talent driving transformativegrowth in Africa's GDP. The firm's thesis focuses on B2C solutions that cater to the explosive growth within the tech-enabled, decentralized-learning youth demographic, as well as B2B solutions that increase Africa’s value chain ownership from resource extraction to end-product sale. Its goal is to become becoming a highly valuable VC partner on the founders' cap tables, and being at the forefront of supporting and enabling entrepreneurial success across Africa. ## Future Africa - Type: VC Fund - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 23 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Information Technology Future Africa is a collective of mission-driven founders and funders building unicorns to solve Africa’s biggest challenges. They are build a future where purpose and prosperity are within everyone’s reach. ## Musha Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 22 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Software, Financial Services, FinTech Seed capital for technology startups globally. ## 54 Collective - Type: VC Fund - Location: Johannesburg, NA - South Africa, South Africa - Relevant deals: 22 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Health Care, Information Technology, FinTech Building and scaling African tech startups with catalytic capital, value-add support and our global network. ## GreenHouse Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria - Relevant deals: 19 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Payments GreenHouse Capital’s Founding Partners took their own fintech company Venture Garden Group (VGG) from a 7 employee, ₦30 million revenue startup to a 200 employees, ₦2 billion power house in just 4 years and raised an attention grabbing Series A round from Convergence Partners of South Africa. The uniqueness of their position was not lost on thefounders who then cultivated Garden Institute of Business Entrepreneurs (GIBE) to identify, incubate, and invest in young and innovative tech startups solving global challenges in Emerging Markets. GIBE was created to build a world class talent management hub for young and passionate entrepreneurs while creating a pool of technology inclined businesses and innovation oriented leaders. ## Kepple Africa Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan - Relevant deals: 18 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Software We back exceptional founders in and from Africa who are addressing deep gaps between the status quo and the ideal. ## LoftyInc Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: Carmel, California, United States - Relevant deals: 18 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Software LoftyInc Capital Management empowers Afropreneurs to build a prosperous and equitable future in Africa. We deliver value to both founders and investors......... ## P1 Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 15 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series B - Focus: Financial Services, Software, Payments P1 Ventures works as a venture capital firm. They specialize in early-stage industrial technology firms in Africa. ## Flourish Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: Redwood City, California, United States - Relevant deals: 13 - Stages: Series A, Seed, Series B - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Finance We are an early-stage global venture capital firm investing in fintech founders. ## Mercy Corps Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: Portland, Oregon, United States - Relevant deals: 12 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Agriculture Mercy Corps Ventures invests in and catalyzes venture-led solutions to increase the resilience of underserved individuals and communities. Founded in 2015 as the impact investing arm of global development agency, Mercy Corps, supports over 57 early-stage ventures to scale and raise over $515 million in follow-on capital. Their portfolio centersaround resilience-building solutions in adaptive agriculture and food systems, inclusive climate fintech, and climate-smart technologies so that those living in frontier markets can withstand disruption and plan for the future. Through capital and support, piloting new approaches, action-oriented insights, and rigorously managing impact, they catalyze the ecosystem toward smarter, more impactful investments. ## Digital Currency Group - Type: VC Fund - Location: Stamford, Connecticut, United States - Relevant deals: 11 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, FinTech We are the capital engine supporting emerging talent & crypto technology. On its mission to accelerate the development of a better financial system. ## Enza Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: Nairobi, Nairobi Area, Kenya - Relevant deals: 11 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, Finance, E-Commerce Venture investor in high-growth Founders and Teams using technology to solve large and meaningful problems across Africa ## Accion Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: Washington, District of Columbia, United States - Relevant deals: 11 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Series B - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Finance Accion Ventures is an investment strategy that today pursues early-stage investments as part of Accion Impact Management. ## First circle capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: Casablanca, Grand Casablanca, Morocco - Relevant deals: 11 - Stages: Pre-Seed, Seed - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Finance First Circle Capital is a venture capital firm seeding the next fintech generation in Africa. ## 4Di Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: Cape Town, NA - South Africa, South Africa - Relevant deals: 11 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Software, Financial Services, Mobile 4Di Capital is an independent seed- and early-stage technology venture capital firm based in Cape Town, South Africa.Nurture capital is the term that best describes 4Di Capitalâ€:tm:s purpose and philosophy.We understand that in the early days of any business, support, mentoring and access to networks is just as important as seed capital.Using tried and tested international venture capital best practices, adapted for local use, we believe in entrepreneur-friendly finance without frills, and in working as a team with our investments to achieve their true potential.4Di Capital Early-Stage Technology Fund 1 targets startup investment opportunities with high growth potential at the seed- and early-stages in the mobile, enterprise software and web sectors.We look for founder teams with hungry passion, commitment, domain expertise and deep insights into the large market problems they wish to solve with their technology solutions. ## Raba Partnership - Type: VC Fund - Location: Cape Town, NA - South Africa, South Africa - Relevant deals: 10 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Finance The Raba Partnership, Raba Capital, Raba ## CRE Venture Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 10 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Software Founded in 2015, CRE Venture Capital invests in early stage tech companies that are levered to Africa. CRE is headquartered in the New York metro area, with a regional office in Lagos, Nigeria. ## Partech - Type: VC Fund - Location: Paris, Ile-de-France, France - Relevant deals: 10 - Stages: Series A, Seed, Series B - Focus: Software, E-Commerce, SaaS Partech is a global venture capital firm with offices in San Francisco, Paris, Berlin and Dakar. Partech invests in Internet and information technology startups at seed, venture and growth stages. ## Golden Palm Investments - Type: VC Fund - Location: Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana - Relevant deals: 9 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Information Technology, FinTech, Payments Golden Palm Investments is an investment holding and advisory company. ## Voltron Capital - Type: VC Fund - Relevant deals: 9 - Stages: Pre-Seed, Seed, Angel - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Payments On a mission to back the most extraordinary entrepreneurs out of Africa solving important problems in large markets. ## True Capital Management - Type: VC Fund - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 9 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Software Achieve your financial goals & build generational wealth with our entertainer & athlete wealth management services. Offering comprehensive financial planning. ## UNCOVERED FUND - Type: VC Fund - Location: Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan - Relevant deals: 9 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Software UNCOVERED FUND is a venture capital firm that leads the creation of industries in Africa and other emerging countries. ## Savannah Fund - Type: VC Fund - Location: Nairobi, Nairobi Area, Kenya - Relevant deals: 9 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: E-Commerce, FinTech, Software Savannah Fund is a seed capital fund specializing in US$25,000-US$500,000 investments in early stage high growth technology (web and mobile) startups in sub-Saharan Africa. Initially focused on East Africa, the fund aims to bridge the early stage/angel and venture capital investment gap that currently exists in Africa. The Fund expects toachieve this objective by combining capital with mentor networks both in the region and from Silicon Valley via an accelerator program and a follow-on independent seed fund.The fund is managed by an experienced and technology savvy team that have founded companies or are actively involved in angel investing or having run successful accelerator programs in past but also understand the unique Subsaharan African environment. They are backed and supported by both local, regional and international networks of angels,venture capitalists whose expertise we can draw on to help startups succeed and scale to fully fledged regional or global companies.They believe in the potential for Africa to become a global technology innovator by creating sustainable for profit companies that create jobs and make an impact. ## Sherpa Africa Partners - Type: VC Fund - Location: Nairobi, Nairobi Area, Kenya - Relevant deals: 8 - Stages: Pre-Seed, Seed - Focus: Financial Services, Finance, FinTech A venture fund for pre-seed startups in Africa, led by Startup Operators, backed by Startup Operators. ## Entrée Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 8 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Series B - Focus: Software, FinTech, Financial Services We are a team of former serial founders managing $1.5Bn across a number of funds, with offices in Tel Aviv, London, and New York. We back the next generation of category-defining companies with conviction of founders who have built companies themselves.We back founders with a partnership built on trust, fairness and real operating experience. Westand with founders through every challenge, and help them grow with clarity, resilience and purpose. ## Acumen - Type: VC Fund - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 8 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: Health Care, Agriculture, Financial Services Acumen is a nonprofit venture fund that invests in early-stage companies bringing critical services like agriculture, clean energy, education, financial inclusion, healthcare and workforce development to low-income communities in 14 countries across East and West Africa, South Asia, Latin America, and the United States. Since 2001, Acumeninvested $128 million in 128 companies that have transformed the lives of over 308 million low-income people. ## Ground Squirrel Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: Boston, Massachusetts, United States - Relevant deals: 8 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Finance Seed round investment in frontier markets and clean energy ## Lateral Frontiers - Type: VC Fund - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 8 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Software Lateral Capital is a mission driven venture fund investing in early and growth stage opportunities in Africa. We back companies that provide foundational technologies for the continent. We make debt and equity investments technology-enabled businesses that profitably solve significant pain points across financial services, healthcare, education,energy, agriculture, housing, logistics, mobility and more. ## HAVAÍC - Type: VC Fund - Location: Cape Town, NA - South Africa, South Africa - Relevant deals: 8 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: Software, Health Care, FinTech HAVAÍC is an investment and advisory firm that specialises in early-stage, high-growth African businesses with proven concepts and global prospects, offering investment opportunities to sophisticated investors and international venture capital companies with an interest in Africa. As a complementary offering, HAVAÍC provides corporate advisory andcapital raising services to emerging, internationally scalable businesses. ## AfricInvest - Type: VC Fund - Location: Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia - Relevant deals: 8 - Stages: Private Equity, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, Manufacturing, FinTech AfricInvest was founded in 1994 and is part of Integra Group, an investment and financial services company based in Tunisia.Uniquely positioned as one of the most experienced private equity investors on the continent, AfricInvest has dedicated investment teams focused on North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, and employs 66 professionals based inseven offices.AfricInvest manages USD1 billion across 16 funds and benefits from strong, long-term support from both local and international investors, including leading development finance institutions in the United States and Europe.Having co-founded the African Venture Capital Association (AVCA) as well as the Middle East North Africa Private Equity Association (MENAPEA) and the Euromed Capital Forum, the firm is an active promotor of the private equity industry in the region.Since 1994, AfricInvest has invested in 135 companies across 25 African countries in a variety of high growth sectors and maintains a broad network of high quality executives across Africa, offering extensive expertise in key growth industries, including financial services, agribusiness, consumer/retail, education and healthcare. ## BYLD - Type: VC Fund - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 7 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, Payments, FinTech Byld Ventures is a corporate venture capital firm focusing on early-stage technology investments. ## Beta.Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria - Relevant deals: 7 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, B2B Beta.Ventures supports Africa's leading tech entrepreneurs.We are a New York and Lagos based venture capital firm helping ambitious entrepreneurs build innovative products and services, with a focus on rapid revenue and profit growth. We are unique in our ability to help companies grow organically in Africa, while also scaling globally.Wework closely with talented founders and teams from product idea to product launch through to the next stage of company development with a goal to maximize success and minimize risk.Our partners, affiliates and mentors lead top technology companies locally and internationally and we encourage you to partner with us to take advantage of our experience building great products/services, negotiating partnerships and deals, leading teams, and raising money. With us, you will avoid mistakes we, and others, have made. ## UW Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: Johannesburg, NA - South Africa, South Africa - Relevant deals: 7 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: FinTech, Payments, Insurance UW is a multi-stage investor that provides growth and replacement capital across the equity-cycle. Its activities span from high-growth venture to mid-market private equity opportunities. ## Consonance Investment Managers - Type: VC Fund - Location: Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria - Relevant deals: 7 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Software, Information Technology, FinTech We are an investment company focused on helping early and growth-stage entrepreneurs build successful companies in Africa. ## Tencent - Type: VC Fund - Location: Shenzhen, Guangdong, China - Relevant deals: 7 - Stages: Series B, Series A, Series C - Focus: Software, Financial Services, Artificial Intelligence Tencent is an internet service portal offering value-added internet, mobile, telecom, and online advertising services. Its communications and social platforms Weixin and QQ connect users with each other, with digital content and daily life services in just a few clicks. Tencent has maintained steady growth under its user-oriented operatingstrategies. It provides value-added internet, mobile, and telecom services, as well as online advertising under the strategic goal of providing users with "one-stop online lifestyle services." Tencent’s Internet platforms in China – QQ (QQ Instant Messenger), WeChat, QQ.com, QQ Games, Qzone, 3g.QQ.com, SoSo, PaiPai, and Tenpay – aim to address the various needs of internet users, including communication, information, entertainment, e-commerce, and others.In September 2013, Tencent's market valuation rose to $101 billion, and as of November 21, 2013, QQ had 2 billion active users and WeChat had 650 million monthly active users. The numbers of active users for QQ mail, Qzone, Tencent Weibo, and QQ news were 274 million, 626 million, 220 million, and 150 million, respectively.Tencent was founded in November of 1998. In April 2000, the IDG and PCCW invested a total of $2.2 million dollars in the company. Tencent was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (SEHK) on June 16, 2004. Baidu, Alibaba, and Netease are Tencent's major competitors. ## TLcom Capital Partners - Type: VC Fund - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 7 - Stages: Series A, Seed - Focus: Software, Mobile, Information Technology TLcom Capital, is an Africa focused tech VC, with offices in Lagos, Nairobi and London. TLcom had been investing since 1999 in Tech, Media, Mobil and Internet companies across Europe, US and Africa, which is the exclusive focus of its most recent TLcom TIDE Africa funds. TLcom manages total commitments of approximately 300 million USD in thesesectors via a series of dedicated investment vehicles. Our investment strategy is to identify, back and assist world class entrepreneurs and management teams with disruptive technologies and business models, compelling intellectual property and deep market knowledge. We primarily target companies focused on Africa as a prime market, in the following investment themes: Access to Data Service; Financial Services; eCommerce; B2C applications (including but not limited to: health, education, energy, media and entertainment); and Software solutions to corporates and SMEs. ## Soma Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 7 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Software, Artificial Intelligence, FinTech Welcome to Soma Capital ## Target Global - Type: VC Fund - Location: Berlin, Berlin, Germany - Relevant deals: 7 - Stages: Series A, Seed, Series B - Focus: FinTech, Software, Financial Services Target Global is a prominent European technology investment firm with a significant presence in the venture capital landscape, boasting over €3 billion in assets under management. The firm operates out of key tech hubs including London, Berlin, Tel Aviv, and Abu Dhabi, and has a rich portfolio featuring some of Europe's most successful techcompanies such as Revolut, Auto1, Copper, Delivery Hero, Docplanner, and Rapyd.Founding and GrowthTarget Global was established in 2015 by Shmuel Chafets and Yaron Valler, who brought a wealth of experience from their tenure at Hasso Plattner Ventures. Their professional partnership dates back 15 years to their time at Giza Venture Capital, a trailblazer in Israel's investment ecosystem, where they honed their investment acumen and industry foresight.Investment Philosophy and ImpactTarget Global stands out in the European tech industry for its diverse team and its ability to identify and capitalize on unique opportunities. The firm's knack for recognizing potential in the early stages of Germany's tech economy led to the emergence of several unicorns in the 2010s. As the European tech industry evolves, Target Global remains at the forefront, seeking out innovative companies like Robovision, Saleor, and Finom. These recent investments reflect the firm's commitment to supporting cutting-edge technology and business models.Fundraising SuccessesTarget Global's fundraising prowess is evident in its six investment funds, which have collectively raised significant capital. The funds range from Early Stage Funds, focusing on nascent startups, to Growth Funds that support more mature companies scaling their operations. The firm's co-investment strategy has led to over €1 billion in capital deployment across a diverse array of partnerships.Backing and AchievementsWith the backing of investors such as FERI, UBS, Allianz X, Mubadala, and Hermes GPE, Target Global has cemented its reputation as a trusted and successful investment firm. Its portfolio spans over 140 companies at various development stages, with a focus on those targeting trillion-dollar markets.Just a few of the many notable companies in the firm’s portfolio include:- Tarabut, MENA’s leading open banking platform, which was recently featured in Forbes Middle East’s list of Top 50 Fintech Companies.- Flo Health, an AI-driven women’s health product, which is the world’s top health and fitness app by downloads.- Robovision, an easy-to-use AI-driven computer vision platform for users to develop their own deep-learning-based solutions.- Enter, a German company that helps homeowners and businesses reduce their carbon footprint.Target Global's track record includes support for 15 unicorn companies, over 20 exits, and 7 IPOs, showcasing its ability to drive growth and success in the European tech ecosystem. The team, comprised of individuals with founder and operator backgrounds, continues to pursue exceptional opportunities to expand the firm's portfolio and influence.Target Global's journey from its inception to its current status as a key player in European venture capital is marked by strategic investments, a commitment to diversity, and a deep understanding of the tech industry's dynamics. With a clear vision for the future, Target Global is poised to continue its role in shaping the next wave of European tech giants. ## Greycroft - Type: VC Fund - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Series A, Seed, Series B - Focus: Software, Artificial Intelligence, E-Commerce Venture capital and technology investments ## Future Perfect Ventures - Type: VC Fund - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Financial Services, FinTech Future\Perfect Ventures is an early stage venture capital firm 2014 to invest globally in blockchain technology and crypto assets. FPV was founded by Jalak Jobanputra. ## Speedinvest - Type: VC Fund - Location: Vienna, Wien, Austria - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Software, FinTech, Financial Services Speedinvest is a globally active European venture capital firm built on a simple belief: many move more. From six offices across EMEA, our sector-focused investment teams back relentless founders from pre–Seed to Growth with long-term conviction, providing day-one access to our global network of corporate customers, experts, industry leaders, andtop-tier follow-on investors to scale smarter and faster. Building lasting companies like Bitpanda (Austria), Moove (Nigeria), Gigs (U.S.), Tide (UK), ARX Robotics (Germany), Wayflyer (Ireland), GoStudent (Austria), Seqera Labs (Spain), and Cylib (Germany) — together. Big ideas may start with one. But scaling and winning take The Power of More. ## Allan Gray - Type: VC Fund - Location: Alfred, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Series C - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Payments Allan Gray is privately owned investment management company focused on generating long-term wealth for investors. ## Zephyr Acorn - Type: VC Fund - Location: Nairobi, Nairobi Area, Kenya - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Financial Services, Banking, FinTech Zephyr Management is a global emerging markets investment manager, specializing in the creation and management of highly focused private equity and venture capital funds. ## Quona Capital - Type: VC Fund - Location: Washington, District of Columbia, United States - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Series A, Seed, Series B - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Finance Quona Capital invests in fintech innovators that are advancing financial inclusion around the globe. Through our investments, Quona aims to deliver outstanding financial returns while making a lasting and positive impact on the world. ## VentureSouq - Type: VC Fund - Location: Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Series B - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Software VentureSouq (VSQ) is a MENA-based venture capital fund manager with a global portfolio. VSQ manages thematic funds, with a current focus on FinTech and ClimateTech. ## DCG Expeditions - Type: VC Fund - Location: Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Blockchain DCG Expeditions is a global early-stage investor supporting fintech & crypto founders on their journeys to build the next generation of financial services. ## RaliCap - Type: VC Fund - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Angel - Focus: Financial Services, FinTech, Payments Rally Cap is a global community of tech folks investing in an exclusive portfolio of top-tier early stage venture funds in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa.