# Top 50 Blockchain Angel Investors in Europe in June 2026 ## Sam Enrico Williams - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 24 - Stages: Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Web Apps, Sports Sam Enrico Williams is a CEO & Founder at Zloadr. Having built intelligent systems for the past 10 years, that have been implemented into corporate structures and organisations, Sam Enrico Williams brings a deep level and understanding of System Architecture. Sam has strong experience in Cryptocurrency, blockchain technology and economymarkets; needed to drive DocTailor to unprecedented levels. ## Sebastien Borget - Type: Angel - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 6 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Gaming, Cryptocurrency Sebastien Borget is based out of Paris, Île-de-France and serves as the Global Ambassador of The Sandbox. Sebastien attended The Chinese University of Hong Kong. ## Nicolas Bacca - Type: Angel - Location: Paris, Ile-de-France, France - Relevant deals: 5 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Nicolas Bacca is a Computer Science Engineer specialized in smartcard technologies, fascinated about efficient coding. After 5 years at Oberthur Technologies developping mobile solutions and as head of the “Cards & solutions Innovation” team, he founded Simulity of which he was CTO and lead architect, and then Ubinity of which he is CEO. He hasbeen developing there many projects and solutions, including OS for smartcards, and software & hardware “Secure Element” solutions. Then he has created BTChip, first smartcard based security solution dedicated to Bitcoin, and has co-founded the Ledger startup, initiating the World most secure Bitcoin hardware wallet. ## Julien Bouteloup - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 5 - Stages: Seed, Angel, Series A - Focus: Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, FinTech Julien Bouteloup is a Founder and CEO at Stake Capital Group. Julien previously worked at The British Blockchain Association as a Information Technology Advisor.Julien Bouteloup is a serial entrepreneur and inventor addicted to crazy innovative ideas. He has started his entrepreneurial career building websites and selling hardware technologies atage 14. He holds a Master's degree in Electrical Engineering from Union Graduate College (USA) and a Master's degree in Computer Science and Electrical Engineering from GEM (France), specializing in Artificial Intelligence.He started working in the research sector in USA and then went back to Europe where he started freelancing full-time and consulting in the IT sector for Security & Defence. After 2 years, he quit his freelance position to become a full-time entrepreneur and left to Asia. He has helped and started multiple tech startups in different locations: NYC, Paris, London, Hong-Kong, Brussels and Singapore.In 2017, he founded the Flyingcarpet Network. ## Thibaud Elziere - Type: Angel - Location: Brussels, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest, Belgium - Relevant deals: 5 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Software, Internet, Information Technology Thibaud Elziere is the Founder of Hexa. He previously worked at Fotolia as a Founder. Thibaud Elziere attended Technical University of Berlin. ## Thomas France - Type: Angel - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 5 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Blockchain, Financial Services, Information Technology Entrepreneur, Investor ## Frederic Montagnon - Type: Angel - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 5 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Angel - Focus: Software, Blockchain, SaaS Entrepreneur and investor with 20 years experience, Frédéric has founded, ran and exited 4 companies for a total value of more than USD 400 million. He has been involved in the field of cryptocurrency as an investor since 2013. ## Balaji Srinivasan - Type: Angel - Location: San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States - Relevant deals: 5 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Software Balaji S. Srinivasan is the Co-Founder and Board Member of Coin Center. He was the CTO of Coinbase and cofounder of Counsyl, Earn, Teleport, and Coin Center. Dr. Srinivasan holds a BS, MS, and PhD in Electrical Engineering and an MS in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University. He also teaches the occasional class at Stanford, including anonline MOOC. ## Eric Larchevêque - Type: Angel - Location: Paris, Ile-de-France, France - Relevant deals: 4 - Stages: Seed, Angel, Pre-Seed - Focus: Software, Bitcoin, Blockchain Serial experienced entrepreneur, Eric Larchevêque developped several French and European projects, including the Montorgueil Group, sold to Rentabiliweb in 2007, and Prixing, a mobile price comparator bought by HighCo in 2013. Passionate about Bitcoin and the high potential of distributed consensus technologies, he founds la Maison du Bitcoin, aParisian place for for startups working on implementation of Bitcoin technology, and first physical purchase counter of bitcoins in Europe. He’s currently CEO of Ledger, a startup addressing end user security on distributed consensus technologies such as Bitcoin. ## Andreas Mihalovits - Type: Angel - Location: Marbella, Andalucia, Spain - Relevant deals: 4 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: Software, Information Technology, SaaS Andreas is a German serial entrepreneur and angel investor having invested in more than 150 international startups.Andreas co-founded his first internet company Omniga in 1999 and, after reaching profitability within 2 years, grew it to a venture builder focused on B2C subscription models with more than 200 employees when he stepped back from hisactive roles in 2012.In the same year Andreas started investing in startups and later also got engaged in the Spanish ecosystem as the founder of Marbella Tech Angels, a network of more than 160 investors, founders & mentors living around Marbella. Andreas is also co-founder of the Global Super Angels Club, a platform for angel investors usually investing six-figure euro amounts in startups, supporting its more than 70 members to improve their deal flow and speed up their search for like-minded co-investors.Andreas received several awards incl. the Best European Early Stage Investor 2018 award from the European Business Angel Network (EBAN) and the Best Business Angel 2020 award at the Spanish National Business Angel Conference. ## Chris Adelsbach - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 4 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Software Chris Adelsbach - Founding Partner @ Outrun Ventures ## Nicolas Steegmann - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 4 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Angel - Focus: Software, Internet, SaaS Co-founder of Replay, by Stupeflix. ## Eduardo Ronzano - Type: Angel - Location: Paris, Ile-de-France, France - Relevant deals: 4 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Angel - Focus: Software, SaaS, E-Commerce Eduardo Ronzano is the Co-Founder and CEO of Kolet. He previously worked at The Bradery as a Pre-Seed Investor. Eduardo Ronzano attended ESCP Business School. ## Itamar Lesuisse - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 4 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Gaming Itamar is the co-founder and CEO of Argent. Prior to Argent, Itamar founded and led Peak, the top ranked mobile cognitive training service with over 50,000,000 users and 500,000 subscribers. Itamar led Peak to a profitable 8 digit per year business. He successfully sold it to Lagardere SCA in 2016.Before Peak, Itamar worked at Boston ConsultingGroup, Amazon and VISA. He holds a Masters in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering. ## Stani Kulechov - Type: Angel - Location: Como, Lombardia, Italy - Relevant deals: 4 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Financial Services Stani Kulechov is the founder and CEO of Aave and ETHLend. He is a seasoned entrepreneur with extensive experience developing technology in the crypto, blockchain, and fintech space. Stani is also a mentor to many founders and advisors of ICOs and blockchain projects and has spoken at numerous FinTech, Blockchain and cryptocurrency events,particularly on topics related to Ethereum Smart Contracts. ## Nicolas Louvet - Type: Angel - Location: Paris, Ile-de-France, France - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Series A, Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Software, Data Integration, Information Technology CEO of Coinhouse, a Paris-based Blockchain startup and a seasoned Venture Capital investor (Sofinnova, Serena Capital, Société Générale Private Equity and Ecomobilité Venture). Founder of Keya Capital, a consulting company which advises large Corporate in their CVC and Corporate Innovation activities.As a Partner in VC fund, he invested in -Dataiku (colead, Series A) - FinalCad (lead, Series A) - Lengow (lead, Series B) - Ouicar (sold to SNCF) (lead, Seed and Series A), - Solutions30 (IPO), (lead, Series B) - TR Com (sold to Bull) (colead, Seed) - Sensitive Objects (sold to Tyco Electronics) (lead, Seed and Series A, B) - and 15+ other companies... He has also personally invested in several companies : Ledger (seed, Series), Assoconnect (Seed), Zeenea (Seed), Atria Gestion (seed) Skills: - Entrepreneurship, company management, business development - Venture Capital investment (seed to growth capital) in Tech sectors (software, AI, tech, smart cities, telecom, retail) in Europe - Fund management and creation - Corporate Finance (fund raising, build up, merger, acquisition) - Corporate Strategy (business model, growth strategic plan, competitive positioning) ## Sandeep Nailwal - Type: Angel - Location: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Financial Services Sandeep Nailwal is based out of United States and is the Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Polygon. Sandeep previously worked at Scopeweaver as a Co-Founder and CEO. Sandeep Nailwal attended the Indian Institute of Management. ## Serge Chiaramonte - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Information Technology Serge Chiaramonte ## David Hoffman - Type: Angel - Location: Seattle, Washington, United States - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Internet, Cryptocurrency David Hoffman began his professional career starting in the cryptocurrency and blockchain industry. David has been consulting and advising blockchain startups since 2017, in order to ensure these new teams are building products that are in alignment with the ethos found in the cryptocurrency community. David has consulted for 12 cryptocurrencystartups, from various industries such as insurance, healthcare, supply chain management, and gambling David operates a cryptocurrency focused podcast called POV Crypto, where prominent guests come to discuss their views and predictions about the cryptocurrency and blockchain industry. POV Crypto is praised for it’s balanced arguments between the co-hosts and guests, in its attempt to bring unbiased arguments into the space. Additionally, David frequently writes articles about the Ethereum ecosystem, MakerDAO, and token economics, and is a leading advocate for the adoption of the decentralized finance industry. ## Philippe Teixeira da Mota - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Software Co-founder of Shapers. Previously Partner at Hedosophia. ## Declan Kelly - Type: Angel - Location: Berlin, Berlin, Germany - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Software, Information Technology, FinTech Founder of Foreword.vc, an early-stage micro fund backing startups throughout their initial chapters. Also advisor at Web Summit and EiR at Seedcamp. Previously covering Europe for Techstars Ventures and founding member of Web Summits venture fund, Amaranthine. ## Kain Warwick - Type: Angel - Location: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, Financial Services Kain Warwick is the Co-Founder and CEO at blueshyft ## Ryan Sean Adams - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Angel - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Finance Ryan Sean Adams ## Bashar Hamood - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Information Technology, Software, E-Commerce Bashar Hamood is a Venture Partner at FasterCapital. He previously worked as an Associate Director at Logica. He attended Heriot-Watt University. ## Markus Ament - Type: Angel - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Software, FinTech, Blockchain Serial FinTech entrepreneur, Markus Ament, or Maex as he is known, has led many companies from early-stage startups to global leaders, loved by thousands worldwide. He is currently CEO and co-founder at Centrifuge with the mission to create an operating system for global commerce, in order to fundamentally change how businesses transact andcollaborate. Maex is co-founder and member of the board of Taulia and has transformed the company from an idea in 2009 to the market leading Financial Supply Chain company, connecting businesses to create a more efficient and profitable supply chain. With an enviable list of the of Fortune 500 clients and over 300 employees, Taulia has quickly become the recognized leader in the financial supply chain. ## Keith Grose - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: FinTech, Financial Services, Software Keith Grose is currently non-executive director for Zero Hash and an active angel/advisor for early stage startups. He previously led Europe and international expansion for Plaid, and served as COO at SequenceHQ (backed by a16z). He is currently based in London and spent a decade in the SF Bay Area at Google and Bain. Keith Grose attended theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. ## Charlie Lee - Type: Angel - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Pre-Seed - Focus: Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, FinTech Charlie Lee is the Founder at Litecoin Foundation. Charlie Lee is the creator of Litecoin, the most popular alternative currency to Bitcoin. He is an engineer manager at Coinbase. Charlie earned a Bachelors and Masters degree in electrical engineering and computer science from M.I.T. ## George Burke - Type: Angel - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Initial Coin Offering, Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Internet Passionate problem solver specializing in blockchain, cryptocurrency, health & wellness tech, biohacking.Product manager, marketer, & executive with a proven ability to recognize and capitalize on commercial opportunities. Conceived, launched and successfully exited three companies. 13+ years of experience in consumer product development& growth marketing. ## John Lilic - Type: Angel - Location: Zug, Zug, Switzerland - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Angel - Focus: Blockchain, Internet, Software John Lilic is an early Bitcoin and Ethereum adopter and an early ConsenSys employee who spent six years with the company helping it grow to an international leader in the blockchain ecosystem. He is now running his own dedicated family office out of Switzerland while also serving as an investor and product development advisor at Polygon. John isalso a co-founder and treasurer at Code to Inspire, a 501c3 non profit dedicated to teaching Afghan girls how to code. ## Anthony Sassano - Type: Angel - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: Blockchain, Software, Cryptocurrency Anthony Sassano is a Product Marketing Manager at Set Labs. He attended La Trobe University. ## Andrew Keys - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Software, Finance, Blockchain Andrew Keys is the Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Andrew Keys. He previously worked for ConsenSys as a Head of Global Business Development. Andrew Keys attended Loyola University Maryland. ## Hesham Zreik - Type: Angel - Location: Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates - Relevant deals: 3 - Stages: Pre-Seed, Seed, Series A - Focus: Information Technology, Software, Artificial Intelligence Hesham Zreik is the CEO of FasterCapital. He previously worked at DreamApps as a Project Manager. Hesham attended the University of Westminster. ## Jason Choi - Type: Angel - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Financial Services, Cryptocurrency, Blockchain Jason Choi is Venture Investor at Contrary Capital. ## Stefano Bernardi - Type: Angel - Location: San Francisco, California, United States - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Biotechnology, Software, Artificial Intelligence Stefano Bernardi is the Investment Director, Climate at Fondazione ENEA Tech. ## Albert Essien - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Pre-Seed - Focus: FinTech, Insurance, Blockchain Mr. Albert Essien was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Ecobank Group in March 2014.Executive director of the Group since 2005, he has held several senior positions including Deputy Group Chief Executive Officer, in addition to serving as Group Executive Director for Corporate Bank & Investment Bank.Prior to that, he was theRegional Head for Anglophone West Africa (excluding Nigeria) and Niger and Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) regions.Mr. Albert Essien started his banking career in 1986 with the National Investment Bank in Accra, Ghana. In 1990 he joined the Corporate Banking Department of Ecobank Ghana before becoming 7 years later Country Risk Manager. He was appointed Deputy Managing Director in 2001 and became Managing Director in December 2002. Albert Essien has a degree in Economics from the University of Ghana (graduated in 1979) and is an alumnus of the Executive Development Program of INSEAD (France/Singapore). He is also an honorary fellow of the Chartered Institute of Bankers, Ghana. ## Do Kwon - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Series A - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, FinTech Do Kwon is the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Terraform Labs. Do Kwon is the Founder & CEO at Terraform Labs . Do Kwon attended Stanford University. ## Wojciech Kostrzewa - Type: Angel - Location: Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Series A, Convertible Note - Focus: FinTech, Software, Blockchain Wojtek Kostrzewa has a successful 28-year history of building large banking and media companies. He worked as the CEO of the media conglomerate ITI Group and banks Polski Bank Rozwoju and BRE Bank (today mBank). He also managed the activities of Commerzbank in Central and Eastern Europe. Currently he serves, among other positions, on the board ofdirectors of the Swiss Stadler Rail and on the supervisory boards of the insurance companies of the ERGO Hestia Group. Wojtek is a graduate of the Economic Faculty at the University of Kiel (Germany) and also studied law at the University of Warsaw. ## Owen Simonin - Type: Angel - Location: Metz, Lorraine, France - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Angel - Focus: Web3, Bitcoin, FinTech Owen Simonin is a French entrepreneur, investor, and influencer specializing in blockchain and cryptocurrencies. He is the founder and CEO of Meria (formerly Just Mining), a leading company in blockchain infrastructure and staking services. Through his YouTube channel "Hasheur," he has played a key role in educating the French-speakingcommunity about crypto and decentralized finance. ## Arthur Hayes - Type: Angel - Location: Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Financial Services Arthur Hayes is based out of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island and is the Advisor of Upexi. Arthur previously worked at BitMEX as a CEO. Arthur Hayes attended the University of Pennsylvania. ## Paul Taylor - Type: Angel - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Web3 Paul Taylor is an angel investor and advisor to 100+ companies in the web3 industry. He was the most active angel investor based in the US for crypto in 2024 (Crunchbase). He previously worked at Fancy Studios as a Core Contributor. Prior to that, he worked at BlackRock on the Private Equity Partners team. Paul attended Emory University where hereceived his BBA degree. He is also a 4-time national chess champion, international best-selling author, and mined Bitcoin back in 2011. ## Max Ciociola - Type: Angel - Location: Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: SaaS, FinTech, Consumer Product-focused, balance-sheet driven entrepreneur with a 20+ year track record in pioneering, launching and growing profitable businesses in the mobile and media space with broad experience in product, business, and content development for the digital space. Max is founder and CEO of Musixmatch, the World's Largest Lyrics Catalog and MusicAI Company with +70 Mln of users in the world. Musixmatch uses Deep Learning and AI techniques to provide lyrics and language data to most of music digital streaming companies. As first mover in the mobile space Max started in early 1998 with Wireless Solutions, a multi media mobile gateway platform for delivering contents in more than 100 countries over 300 mobile carriers. He then sold his company to Dada, an italian media company, and he spent 7 years with Dada first as CEO Dada Iberia & Latam e then as EVP Mobile Services, leading a team of +100 people and +80 mln yearly turnover. Max is the co founder of AI Labs, an R&D AI Lab in Italy active on Technology Transfer on AI. ## Julien Romanetto - Type: Angel - Location: New York, New York, United States - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Angel - Focus: Software, Internet, Blockchain Jlien Romanettois the Co-Founder and Product at Arianee. Julien Romanetto attended Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC)l. ## Trent McConaghy - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Initial Coin Offering - Focus: Blockchain, Software, Cryptocurrency Trent McConaghy is the founder of Ocean Protocol, which is unbounding AI via blockchain technology. Past: - co-founded Analog Design Automation in 1999. AI for generative analog circuit design. It was acquired by Synopsys in 2004. - co-founded Solido Design Automation in 2004. AI for custom circuit verification. It was acquired by Siemens in2017. - co-founded ascribe GmbH in 2014. NFTs. It pivoted to BigchainDB in 2016. Decentralized database. - from BigchainDB, co-founded Ocean Protocol in 2017. Its token $OCEAN went public in 2018. ## Rosario Bifulco - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed, Series A - Focus: Art, Medical, Blockchain Rosario Bifulco, president of the auction house Finarte S.p.A. ## Brian O'Hagan - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Angel, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Sports Brian O'Hagan ## Anurag Arjun - Type: Angel - Location: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Pre-Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Web3, Network Security Anurag Arjun is the Founder of Avail. Anurag Arjun attended Nirma Institute Of Technology. He previously worked at Polygon Technology as a Co-Founder. Anurag Arjun attended Nirma Institute Of Technology. ## Ravindra Kumar - Type: Angel - Location: Bangalore, Karnataka, India - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed - Focus: Blockchain, Ethereum, Internet Ravindra Kumar is the CEO and Co-Founder of Frontier Wallet. He was formerly the CTO of InstaDApp and Woodstock, is a smart contract developer, an Android developer, and computing polyglot. ## Jamie Broderick - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Angel, Pre-Seed - Focus: FinTech, Insurance, Blockchain Jamie Broderick ## Taavet Hinrikus - Type: Angel - Location: London, England, United Kingdom - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Series A, Series B - Focus: FinTech, Software, Financial Services Taavet Hinrikus is based out of London, England and is the Partner of Plural Platform and Board Member of CoMind. Taavet previously worked at Wise as a Chairman and Co-founder. Taavet Hinrikus attended INSEAD. ## Ahmed Al-Balaghi - Type: Angel - Relevant deals: 2 - Stages: Seed, Angel - Focus: Blockchain, Information Technology, Financial Services Ahmed Al-Balaghi is the Co-founder of Biconomy and Founder of the Encrypted podcast which is MENA's largest podcast dedicated to blockchain and crypto-assets. Having spent over 3 years within the blockchain industry in China, the U.K., and the UAE, he has developed deep industry expertise and regularly delivers talks and workshops. Hisresearch and investments span across blockchain infrastructure and protocol layers, security tokens, digital identity, cryptoeconomics, and exchanges.